72 BULLETIN" 98 ; U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
tanks consists of two tanks having a radiating surface of 226 square 
feet and a volume of 77.25 cubic feet. The screened portion above 
the tanks has a volume of 9.42 cubic feet, making a total capacity of 
86.67 cubic feet, or a total of 3,814 pounds crushed ice, weighing 44 
pounds per cubic foot. The ratio of tank radiating surface to loading 
volume is 1 square foot to 7.48 cubic feet, and the ratio of ice to milk 
is 2 pounds of ice to 1 gallon of milk. The tanks have a 2-inch 
free-air space around them and are 15 inches above the floor. They 
are separated from the storage rooms by a partition open at top and 
bottom and screened, thus creating a circulation. Any moisture 
from tanks is carried off from drip pan through drain pipes and traps. 
The tanks are connected by 1^-inch pipe, creating to some extent a 
circulation. This pipe also regulates the brine to a uniform height 
in both tanks, the height of the pipe above the bottom of the tank 
being so arranged that a certain amount of brine remains. A riser 
connection to the pipe forms an overflow. 
When refilling the tanks, the valve in the pipe connecting the 
tanks is opened and all water or brine above the horizontal pipe is 
drained off. Before refilling the tanks with crushed ice and salt the 
valve is again closed, causing the warm water to rise to a height 
equal to the top of the pipe. Any surplus water runs off through 
overflow pipe and outside trap without egress of air. The valve is 
manipulated by a rod and universal joints from the roof of the car 
by removing the plug door. 
When it is necessary to clean the tanks, the round plugs at the bot- 
tom are unscrewed about one-fourth inch, when they will release the 
brine, and after it has drained off the plug can be entirely unscrewed 
and the settlings removed. 
In order that the car can be kept in a sanitary condition the floor 
is covered with galvanized sheet iron, all crevices being soldered, 
and after each trip or shipment of milk the floors are scrubbed. 
It is practicable with this type of car to maintain a temperature 
of about 35° or 40° F. The milk must be precooled, however, to 
about this temperature before it is placed in the car, as the refrigerat- 
ing apparatus is not intended to receive warm milk from the shipper 
and reduce its temperature to any great extent during transit. A 
longitudinal section of this car is shown in figure 34 (p. 73). 
COOLING MILK AT RECEIVING STATIONS. 
Receiving stations as applied to the milk industry are established 
for the purpose of receiving, cooling, and handling milk preparatory 
to shipping. They are located at suitable points along the railroads 
in dairy sections. The milk is brought to the receiving station by the 
farmers, usually twice a day during the summer months, early in the 
