6 BULLETIN 795, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Table 3 gives a comparison of analyses of the different commercial 
grades of insect flowers ("open" and "closed") and insect flower stems 
with those of the flowers of G. Leucahthemum. The averages of all 
determinations are compared for each constituent. 
The results in Table 3 show that the greatest differences in the 
chemical composition are in the phosphorus, ash, and pentosans, 
which are higher in the flowers of C. Laic-anthem um than in those of 
C. cinerariwfolkim. It is evident, however, that a chemical analysis 
alone is insufficient to show adulteration of insect powder with pow- 
dered daisy flowers. Such adulteration can be definitely determined 
only by microscopic examination. 
MORPHOLOGY OF CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM. 
The daisy plant is a typical Composite. It is a perennial with 
nearly smooth stem, growing to a height of from 1 to 3 feet, and 
sparingly branched. The leaves are coarsely cut, the uppermost leaves 
being smaller than the lower ones and nearly entire. The flower heads 
consist of white ray floAvers and yellow disc flowers. The involucral 
bracts are lanceolate, nearly smooth, with a narrow, chestnut-brown 
margin. The fruit, when mature, consists of very small achenes, 
with a black background and conspicuous white ribs running length- 
wise of the fruit. There is usually a small tubercle or knob-like pro- 
jection on the broad end, apparently the remains of the flowers. (PL I, 
fig. 2.) 
Beringer 12) and Vogtherr (39) go quite into detail in a morpho- 
logical description of field daisy flowers. 
Field daisy flowers occurring in insect flowers are much more easily 
detected than when in powdered form. The most positive character 
that can be relied upon for their detection is the fruit. Even in 
an immature condition the fruit of the daisy does not resemble that 
of Chrysanthemum dinerarice folium. The following compilation is 
given to serve as an aid in distinguishing between the fruits of G. 
cineraricefolium and those of G. Leucanthemum (PL I, tigs. 1 and 2). 
Dalmatian flowers. — Achenes 5-ribbed; possess small-toothed crown; 
golden yellow in color; ray floret achenes more curved or arched than 
the disc floret achenes (PL I, fig. 1). 
Daisy flowers. — Achenes usually 10-ribbed; ribs very prominent, 
white, alternating with black stripes; tubercle or knob-like projections 
on broad end of achene; achene much smaller than that of the Dalma 
tian flower (PL I, fig. 2). 
HISTOLOGY. 
Schrenk (29) claims to have found a positively characteristic struc- 
ture of daisy powder in the small, several celled hairs which he de- 
tected in considerable numbers on the apparently glabrous scales 
