INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION OF LIVE STOCK. 15 
dustry to the higher officials of some of the roads handling live stock 
in this manner, the feeding and watering facilities were, at con- 
siderable cost, remodeled or rebuilt to meet the requirements of the 
law so that now it may be said that live stock are being fed and 
watered b}^ those roads in a much more satisfactory manner than 
formerly. This, too, has resulted in fewer violations upon the part of 
those roads. 
On another road pens have been provided with concrete floors and 
sufficient feeding space for all the animals to eat at one time. The 
watering troughs are ample in size and number and are constructed 
with sewer connections so that they can be drained easily. These 
pens are covered and entirely inclosed on three sides, 4 feet of the 
sides being equipped with drop doors so that they can be opened 
during the summer months for ventilation and closed during in- 
clement weather, the roof being high enough for all classes of ani- 
mals. As a general rule, however, for the entire country it is believed 
that yards or pens partially covered on the side exposed to the winter 
winds will furnish sufficient protection to the animals. 
i 
INADEQUACY OF " FEED-AND-WATER " CARS. 
The desire to get to market in as short a time as possible led some 
of the stockmen to prevail on the roads to build so-called " feed-and- 
water " cars. These cars had small metal troughs built in the sides. 
Hay was thrown on the floor of the car or put into overhead racks. 
As the cars were loaded as full as possible, it can readily be seen that 
the stock had no chance to rest. Often the animals were thus con- 
fined for periods of from 60 to 100 hours. It was found upon care- 
ful examination of thousands of such cars arriving at one of the 
largest stock markets in the East that the watering facilities of com- 
paratively few cars were in such condition as to be of value for water- 
ing the stock. The troughs or pans were bent out of shape, broken, 
or rusted and full of holes so that water would not remain in them. 
It was also found that in many instances the chains and levers for 
raising and lowering the troughs were disconnected, broken, or miss- 
ing entirely, and in many cases where the troughs were in working 
condition they were so narrow that horned cattle could not drink 
from them. 
On account of the generally unsatisfactory results obtained by this 
method of watering, some of the railroads have discontinued entirely 
the use of " feed-and-water " cars and are unloading the animals into 
properly equipped pens for feed, water, and rest. The aid and co- 
operation of the department was asked by these roads, with the result 
that live-stock handling, both on the cars and at feeding points when 
unloaded, became more nearly ideal, and claims for losses and damages 
