HEMP HUEDS AS PAPER-MAKING MATERIAL. 17 
Discussion of the various cooks will be given in connection with 
the descriptions of those paper tests in which the stocks from the cooks 
were used, since a stock and its cooking condition can be judged ade- 
quately only after it has been put through the various processes and 
into the finished sheet of paper. 
The first test consisted in making four separate cooks, Nos. 293, 294, 
295, and 296, of approximately 300 pounds each, dividing the total 
stock into two parts and making two separate paper tests. The 
first test was made primarily in order to learn some of the qualities 
and characteristics of the stock and to get the machinery equipment 
adjusted properly. The yield of fiber was not determined in this 
preliminary test, since the knowledge of it was not essential at this 
stage of the work. The cooked stock which was emptied into the 
drainer to be washed free from black liquor was composed largely of 
whole pieces of hurds, but only slight pressure between the fingers 
was required to crush the pieces. In the case of wood, this condition 
ordinarily would indicate undercooking, but might not in the case of 
hurds. Further observation on the action of the cooked stock during 
subsequent processes was necessary in order to judge of its quality or 
the suitability of the cooking conditions. The total cooked stock, 
about 500 pounds, was divided into two portions of 200 and 300 
pounds, respectively, and work was continued on them separately. 
The 200-pound test, designated as run No. 135, was put into a 350- 
pound washing engine, washed one hour, and given a total light brush 
of 2 J hours. The washing removed a great amount of dirt, but the 
engine did not reduce the hurd stock as much as was desired. After 
heating the stock in the beater to 40° C, it was bleached with bleach- 
ing-powder solution, 94 gallons at 0.418 pound bleach per gallon, 
equivalent to 19.7 per cent of the fiber. This percentage of bleach is 
regarded as too high for stock intended for book-paper manufacture, 
and subsequent cooks therefore were given harder treatment in order 
to reduce this figure. After draining and washing free from bleach 
residues, the stock was furnished in the beater with 13 per cent of 
clay, 1 per cent of resin size, and 2.5 per cent of alum, was tinted 
blue, given one hour's light brush, and pumped to the stock chest. 
When running it on the paper machine, the Jordan refiner seemed 
to have little effect in reducing shives of undertreated wood, which 
indicated further the necessity of harder cooking. The furnish acted 
well on the paper machine at 70 feet per minute, but appeared some- 
what too "free " on the wire. The paper produced from this test is of 
very low quality, due to the improper preparation of the stock, lack 
of sufficient bleach, the use of too small an amount of blue tinting, and 
the presence of an excessive amount of dirt, sand, and shives. The 
excessive amount of dirt and sand suggested the sieving of the hurds 
before cooking, and this was performed in all subsequent cooks. 
