THE FLOW OF WATER IN WOOD-STAVE PIPE. 77 
No. 23. 18-inch Yellow Fir Continuous-Stave Pipe, Astoria Waterworks, 
Oregon. 1 — A. L. Adams made two tests on long reaches of new yellow (Douglas) fir 
continuous-stave pipe. The gravity line supplying Astoria consists of 7 \ miles of 18- 
inch wood-stave, 3 miles of 16-inch and 1 mile of 14-inch steel pipe. The maximum 
head on the stave pipe is 172 feet. The pipe is buried from 4 to 22 feet deep. Loss of 
head was observed at standpipes, when the pipe line was carrying maximum ca- 
pacity. Discharge was measured by the rise of water in a concrete reservoir. Leak- 
age was tested and found to be negligible. The low friction factor found in this test is 
the more remarkable in view of the fact that there are "in addition to a succession of 
sweeping horizontal and vertical curves, 27 cast-iron bends, with a radius of curvature 
of 5 feet, and with an average central angle of about 31°." (PI. XIV, fig. 1.) If but 
two tests at the same velocity are to be accepted as a criterion for the capacity, then 
the pipe will carry about 17 per cent more than as computed by the new formula. 
According to Henny this pipe was replaced with redwood in 1911. It had lasted 16 
years. 
Nos. 24-25. 18-inch Jointed (Machine-Banded) Wood-Stave Pipe, Sunny- 
side Project, U. S. Reclamation Service, Washington. — This pipe was built in 
1908 for conveyance of irrigation water. The reach tested is straight except for one 
gentle curve through an angle of about 18°. In profile the pipe dips between gauges 
1 and 2 about 20 feet in the reach 2,803 feet long. There are three minor summits in 
the reach. Water columns were used at both gauges. Air pulsations made tests 
difficult and but one measurement for internal area was possible, this being at the 
outlet where a distortion of about one-half inch was noted. Discharge was measured 
over a 6-foot Cipolletti weir and was corrected for leakage through another gate in the 
outlet structure. The two reaches cover approximately the same stretch of pipe. 
The capacity of the pipe was about 11 per cent greater than the discharge computed 
by the new formula. 
No. 28. 22-inch Jointed (Machine-Banded) Wood-Stave Pipe, Sunnyside 
Project, U. S. Reclamation Service, Washington. — This pipe, built in 1906 to 
convey water for irrigation, had been used four seasons of seven months each at the 
time of tests. The horizontal alignment consists of two tangents intersecting at an 
angle of about 5°. The low point of the pipe is about 75 feet below the hydraulic 
gradient. There are probably no summits. The circumference of the pipe appears 
to be distorted about 1 inch. Water columns were used for both gauges. Measure- 
ments of diameter made at inlet and outlet gave a mean of 22 inches. Discharge was 
measured for runs 1 and 2 over an 8-foot round-crested weir. The discharge for re- 
maining runs was taken over a 4-foot sharp-crested weir. Seven small leaks were 
measured volume trically. Four irrigation hydrants are attached to this pipe. Re- 
ferring to Plate VI it is seen that some unusual condition must be present in this pipe. 
Although the mean of all the observations indicates that the capacity is 3 per cent 
greater than that computed by the new formula, the individual observations indicate 
that the lowest velocity is 25 per cent greater than the discharge computed by formula, 
while the highest velocity is 12 per cent less than that discharge, for their respective 
losses of head. The intermediate velocities show the same trend through the above 
range. This series was rejected by Moritz, because of the unusual exponent of V. 
As no really definite reason was given for the rejection, and since other series of various 
experimenters show nearly as great peculiarities, the writer has retained the series. 
No. 32. Experiment H, 24-inch Continuous-Stave Redwood Pipe, Butte 
City, Mont. — Water for the city of Butte, Mont., is conveyed from a reservoir about 
9 miles distant in a redwood prpe laid in 1892 (PI. XIV, fig. 2), which was designed 
as a low-pressure line following just under the hydraulic grade line as nearly as topog- 
raphy would permit. However, in some places a head of 200 feet is developed and a 
great deal of curvature, both horizontal and vertical, occurs throughout the length of 
i Trans. Amer. Soc. Civ. Engin., 36 (1896), p. 26. 
