2 BULLETIN 585, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
In that way only can satisfactory standards — chemical, bacterio- 
logical, and sanitary — be prescribed. 
With those ideas in view, the Bureau of Animal Industry and the 
Bureau of Chemistry have prepared a form of milk ordinance which, 
it is believed, if enacted and enforced, would assist the community in 
providing an instrument for bettering its milk supply. 
The ordinance is restricted to the production, handling, and sale 
of milk and cream as such. It consists of eight sections, taking into 
consideration definitions, standards, grades, adulterations, the making 
of regulations, the collection of samples, and penalties. 
A special feature of the ordinance is the grading of milk and cream. 
It is believed that grading is necessary and is of paramount impor- 
tance. One of the great sanitary and economic questions will be 
solved if practical grading of milk, with the consequent grading of 
selling price, can be enforced. Three grades are considered — " Cer- 
tified," grade A, and grade B. Pasteurization is compulsory for grade 
B, but optional for the others. Grades A and B represent the largest 
quantities of milk sold. No definite general score or bacterial require- 
ments can be made to cover all conditions. Some communities, long 
under competent health jurisdiction, can enact and enforce more 
stringent laws than other communities not so fortunate. The health 
department must determine from its own experience the score and 
bacterial count for grades A and B. Grade A must be of such quality 
that there will be no question as to its purity and safety. Grade B 
can be of lower grade than A, because pasteurization is obligatory. 
No grade below that of B is recognized. 
Another item of special importance is the provision which gives 
health authorities the right to make regulations for the further proper 
enforcement of the ordinance. That is a wise provision, as rules or 
regulations can define more fully and add necessary detail, and can be 
passed and amended without the difficulty encountered with general 
lawmaking bodies. The regulations can give details for the issuing of 
permits, for the examination of herds and milkers for disease, and for 
the cleanly production and handling of milk. They can not, however, 
go beyond the scope expressed in the ordinance itself. 
It is believed that this draft of an ordinance will prove to be a satis- 
factory framework upon which the average town or city can build a 
finished, practicable law, which, if properly enforced, will improve 
the average milk supply and work toward a desired uniformity of 
food laws. 
FORM OF ORDINANCE. 
AN ORDINANCE TO REGULATE THE PRODUCTION AND SALE OF 
MILK AND CREAM, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. 
Be it ordained by the of the city of , That for the purpose and 
within the meaning of this ordinance, (a) "milk" is the lacteal secretion obtained 
from the complete milking of cows; (b) "skimmed milk" is milk from which 
substantially all of the milk fat has been removed; (c) " certified milk " is milk 
produced and handled in conformity with the " Methods and Standards for the 
