- NEMATODE GALLS IN MARKET WHEAT. — 7 
Farmers and mill operators who were questioned about this disease 
stated that it had been known to them for varying periods of from 
5 to 20 years. They had known it under such names as hard smut, 
cockle, bin-burned wheat, frosted kernels, and immature wheat. As 
a matter of fact these galls are quite different. In figure 7, where 
they are pictured in contrast, they can be easily distinguished from 
bin-burned wheat, frosted wheat, smut, and corn cockle. 
Smut can be distinguished readily from these galls by crushing under 
the thumb. Smut balls can be crushed in the hand and leave the hand 
covered with a mass of black, evil-smelling material. It is almost im- 
possible to crush nematode galls on account of their hardness. Some 
Fig. 5.—A portion of the inside of the gall magnified to show the coiled 
nematodes. 
conditions of smut, i..e., hard smut, may be mistaken for these galls, 
but 1f cut open will at once show the absence of the inner yellowish- 
___ white portion, which is a distinguishing feature of the nematode galls. 
| Cockle is easy to distinguish because of the spiny appearance of 
its seed coat. Bin-burned wheat frequently has been confused with 
these galls. It may be distinguished from nematode galls, however, 
because the shape of the bin-burned wheat kernel remains intact in 
spite of the decoloration. This is not true of nematode galls, which 
are very irregular in shape. The powdery substance present within 
the gall is not found in bin-burned wheat. 
Tp BE 4 ee’ pisial =p Sahih 
Resa EPA FF 
