WHITE-PINE BLISTER RUST IN WESTERN EUROPE. 19 
Figure 9. No control measures were attempted here, the result being 
that 90 per cent of the trees are diseased. 
FRANCE. 
French foresters to date have given the fungus little attention, 
for white pine is of secondary importance to them, and they have 
been concerned with forest problems of a nature more vital to their 
country. The writer found no case where the uprooting of Ribes had 
been attempted or sil- 
vicultural methods 
undertaken to control 
the disease in France. 
The blister rust is 
nevertheless working 
destructively in their 
plantations. Figure 
10 shows a 17-year-old 
stand wherein 52 per 
cent of the trees are 
attacked so seriously 
that it is doubtful 
whether they will ever 
reach maturity. 
BELGIUM. 
Notable among re- 
cent Belgian investi- 
gators dealing with 
the blister-rust fungus 
are Professor Mar- 
chal; Professor Bom- 
mer, of Brussels; For- 
est Inspector Pechon; 
and Professor Quai- 
riere, of the research 
station at Groenen- 
dael. With the excep- 
tion of the experl- Fic. 9.—A 34-year-old white-pine plantation at Almindin- 
ee eee witht“ “Cnt af the trees hye boat attacked in the crown by the 
fungicidal treatment white-pine blister rust. Many of the trees killed by the 
mumewexpermnent'sta~ > thoir weakenad tore broken of br thee, ee ee 
tion at Groenendael, 
the writer saw no cases where the suggested control methods have 
been adopted. Bommer emphasized the need of exterminating 
the fungus in the nurseries by destroying infected trees. Pechon 
in conversat:on with the writer placed little faith in the treatment 
with chemical solutions to check the development of the fungus and 
strongly advised the removal and burning of infected trees. Such a 
practice, however, is futile unless the currants and gooseberries in 
the locality are also destroyed. 
It is a common practice in many European nurseries to grow white- 
pine stock and Ribes near each other. After attention was called to 
