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WHITE-PINE BLISTER RUST IN WESTERN EUROPE. 17 
cases the site chosen for the plantation was favorable to the growth 
of white pines. The Windsor Park woods, England, were too sandy 
for its best development, and the location at Almindingen, island 
of Bornholm, Denmark, was too wet. 
TABLE 2—Summary of typical European conditions with respect to the infec- 
tion of pine trees with blister rust. 
Black currant 
White-pine (Pinus strobus) trees examined. (Ribes nigrum). 
Area Attacked | Killed by | Dying from 
Country and locality. | stud- by rust. rust. rust. 
ied. saare Num- Distance from |Num- 
Beaeke ber. pines. ber. 
sks Num-| Per |Num-} Per |Num-} Per 
ber. | cent.| ber. | cent.} ber. | cent. 
England: Acres.| Feet. Feet. 
CS tee 2 20 | 111 | 105] 953] 21119 73 | 65.7 190 18 
Windsor Park..... 25 25) 3041 67| 17 17| 4.3] 17] 4.3] 1,760to4,600| 100 
Norway 
ina 13 35 | 159{ 159] 100 | 107 | 67 52 | 32 150 10 
Fjosanger.......... i 25| 20] 20] 100 5 | 25 15 | 75 500 12 
Sweden: 
Atvidaberg........ 1 eT aeagee s t | e e | e 3 | 10 3,500} 150 
ares 20 | 517 90 | 168 | 32 84 | 33 820 1 
— 15 464 ; 184 5 
Almindingen...... i6 351 543| 493| 91 | 94/17 | 245 | 45 3,000} 50 
France: 
Lesbarres.........- 5 15 |° 31 Slt aes tect oss xe 4] 13 1, 600 
4 10} 63] 31]| 49 7) ie 2 Sie Sue Ge a 2,500 3 
La Mouche, Epinal { 6 ih) Set or Sec ed 2,500 | 30 
Sl: ee Pe 135} 26] 19 ee ee coat (Sale Oe ta 3,300 10 
Deyvillers........- 2 18 89 42 | 47 FE | mai eee as ee re 870 10 
Belgium: 
1 SGN, aati Saleen hoo ee lh cee oe 19 | 46 3,160 3 
Gamminds ~~. 2 42 20| 62] 62] 100 6| 9 51 | 80 524 5 
re? Peer: ess eee he doe let 430 15 
Total or average.| 863 21 |2,307 [1,574] 68 438 | 19 | 670 | 29 1,653 to 1, 843 493 
The European situation may be briefly stated as follows: The 
white-pine plantations in some countries are disappearing as a re- 
sult of the damage by the rust, and foresters quite generally express 
the opinion that the loss resulting from the disease is too large to 
permit raising the species at a profit. The white-pine plantations 
are being replaced by other foreign conifers of good growth rather 
than protecting them by destroying the Ribes. 
CONTROL MEASURES RECOMMENDED IN EUROPE. 
When foresters and pathologists recognized the damage being 
done to the white pine by the rust they began to consider means of 
combating it to save their plantations and ornamental trees from 
destruction. Although in Europe the white pine is an exotic tree, 
Cronartium ribicola 1s believed to be a native fungus indigenous to 
Siberia. The exact reverse of this condition applies to the United 
States, where the fungus is rapidly becoming too well naturalized 
in its new environment. 
For at least 30 years European writers have recommended meth- 
ods of control, though rather indefinitely, and have even proposed 
curative treatment for infected trees. The writer found that con- 
trol measures were rarely put to a practical test. The seriousness of 
the disease is fully realized, and its life history is well known, but 
