16 BULLETIN 1186, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Ribes bushes are not removed as an act of protection, which seems 
quite unlikely. Plate IV shows a 50-year-old tree in the communal 
forest near Epinal, France, killed as a result of severe crown infec- 
tion by blister rust. Inspection of wind-thrown trees in another sec- 
tion of the same forest revealed many infections and conclusively 
proved that no tree is too large to be attacked and killed by this 
disease. * 
BELGIUM. 
The damage in Belgium has been large, but few detailed data are 
available as to the actual extent of destruction. At one time the 
future of white pine in that country was regarded as particularly 
bright because of the success with which it had been grown in the 
Ardennes. In fact, it is the only pine which has been successfully 
Fic. 8.—Natural regeneration of white-pine trees 3 to 15 years old which have grown 
in an opening made in the overwood of pine and spruce. In a sample plat 25 feet 
square 49 per cent of the trees were infected with blister rust. Diseased twigs are 
marked with pieces of paper, and the tree with the cap on the trunk is dying. 
cultivated in the high plateaus of that region. This opinion has been 
altered, owing to the damage done by blister rust. In an 18-year-old 
plantation studied by the writer, 50 per cent of the trees have been 
killed and 53 per cent of those remaining were diseased. The forester 
in charge of another severely infected plantation said he considered 
it best to destroy the entire lot and replant with another species, since 
the white pine could not be grown to commercial size. In the opinion 
of the Belgian forest service it can not afford to plant the tree ex- 
tensively because of its susceptibility to attack and damage by Cro- 
nartium ribicola. 
The figures in Table 2 accompanying were obtained from studies 
made in typical infected white-pine stands for the purpose of show- 
ing the average diseased condition of the entire plantation. They 
illustrate representative conditions in the countries visited. In most 
