’ 
a ae 
WHITE-PINE BLISTER RUST IN WESTERN EUROPE. 15 
feet, it had decreased to 10 per cent, and at 1,096 feet no disease what- 
ever was found. 
In the Windsor Park forest at Surrey, 67 per cent of the white 
pines, approximately 20 years old, were attacked by the blister rust. 
Of these, 17 per cent had been killed and 25 per cent were in a dying 
condition. This plantation was made in mixture with Pinus syl- 
vestris and other conifers, and the loss due to the disease is*perhaps 
less than it would have been if the plantation had been purely Pinus 
strobus. 
In 1896 Pinus monticola was observed to be fatally diseased in 
Scotland (26). A few years later some fine old trees were felled be- 
cause of the damage inflicted by the rust. Hereafter in the British 
Isles white pine must be planted with caution and never in the vicin- 
ity of black currants, as has been the custom in the past. It will be 
Fic. 7.—A 12-year-old white-pine plantation at Bagley Wood, near Oxford, England, 
in which 95 per cent of the trees are attacked by the blister rust and 84 per cent are 
in a dead or dying condition, within 100 feet of where 18 black-currant bushes were 
growing. 
well also to plant white pine in mixture with other conifers, rather 
than pure, in order to provide all possible protection from the screen- 
ing afforded by other trees. 
FRANCE. 
French foresters minimize the menace of the blister rust to their 
white-pine plantations and maintain an optimistic viewpoint, because 
the old trees on a casual inspection do not appear to be seriously in- 
jured. This is not true for the young age classes. As far as could 
be learned, the disease has been known on pine in that country only 
since 1890 (34, p. 342). Itis present and destroying natural reproduc- 
tion in the Vosges district, where the writer found clumps in which 49 
per cent of the regeneration was diseased (fig.8). After the felling 
of the mature stands the damage will be more striking in the young 
growth. If new plantations are made the disease is certain to attack 
them severely before they are 15 years old; that is, assuming that the 
