. ne - 
As a ae SR aye. USVI LL - 
WHITE-PINE BLISTER RUST IN WESTERN EUROPE. 13 
lent in plantations, doing such serious damage that the foresters 
have stopped planting the species. In one pine plantation in the 
Almindingen forest 91 per cent of the trees 20 to 30 years old have 
been attacked by the rust, and it is estimated that 75 per cent will 
be a total loss in 10 years, disregarding the probable damage from 
further infection. No merchantable product will be obtained, and 
the only revenue to be derived is from the sale of wood cut for fuel 
from the dead and dying trees, which barely covers the cost of cutting 
and is insufficient to pay for the original cost and maintenance of the 
plantation. The piling of the tops of white-pine trees felled because 
they were dead or 
dying from the blister 
rust and salvaged for 
fuel is illustrated in 
Figure 4. 
In another pure 
stand of 24-year-old 
white pine. covering 
16 acres, 90 per cent of 
the trees were at- 
tacked, and it is esti- 
mated that in 10 years 
82 per cent of the trees 
will be dead. Ont of 
1,060 trees 20 to 30 
years old examined in 
the Almindingen for- 
est 90 per cent were 
diseased, and it is esti- 
mated that (8 per cent Fic. 4.—Salvaging the dead and dying white pines fol- 
will be dead in 10 lowing a blister-rust attack on the island of Bornholm, 
Denmark. The tops and limbs, as well as the stems, 
years. These figures are piled into cubic meters and sold for fuel. 
represent the condi- 
tions in the entire stand. The actual loss can not be determined, 
because many diseased trees have already been cut. The typical 
condition of the white pines on the island of Bornholm, Denmark, 
where the destruction by the blister rust has been complete, is shown 
in Figures 5 and 6. The Danish foresters have a- peculiarly de- 
scriptive term which they apply to the white pine. Their name for 
this tree is “ Weymouthsfyr,” but they commonly speak of it as 
“ vemodsfyr ” or the “ melancholy pine,” and this aptly expresses its 
appearance after it is attacked by the blister rust. 
In the Corselitz forest, located in the northeastern portion of the 
island of Falster, the blister rust has so badly damaged the white-pine 
plantations that the cultivation of the species has been discontinued. 
Oak, a more profitable crop for this forest, is being used in some 
cases to replace the white pine (PI. IIT). 
BRITISH ISLES. 
The damage to white pines in England has been serious. <A study 
of a 12-year-old plantation at Bagley Wood, Oxford, revealed so 
much injury inflicted by the blister rust during the early life of the 
stand that it will be impossible to obtain timber of commercial value 
from the plantation. The occurrence of the disease here is interest- 
