8 BULLETIN 1491, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
The old stands in the upland type, now mostly culled, are char- 
acterized when free from fire and grazing by 10 to 50 trees to the 
acre 14 or more inches in diameter and several times as many smaller 
trees, grading down to 1-inch saplings and an abundance of seed- 
lings of various ages. The proportion of sizes and ages on differ- 
ent tracts varies greatly. The point to keep in mind is that on each 
acre of culled forest, except for occasional stands, there is not a 
very large quantity of saw timber (trees 14 or more inches in diame- 
ter) but almost invariably a many-aged stand of young growth 
coming in. 
The mixed hardwood and conifer subtype is characterized by the 
admixture of shortleaf pine, or eastern red cedar, or to a very lim- 
ited extent scrub pine, and is found in the hilly sections of southern 
Ohio and Indiana, and in Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and 
Arkansas. It is best typified by the- shortleaf pine-oak-hickory 
mixture of the Ozark country of Missouri and northern Arkansas. 
Aside from the admixture of conifers, the subtype does not differ 
materially in general characteristics from the oak-hickory upland 
stands. Where shortleaf pine occurs, however, it appears to be on 
the increase and, given the necessary encouragement, tending eventu- 
ally to supplant hardwoods at least on south and west slopes. The 
pine is a superior tree to its companion hardwoods both in growth 
and in freedom from defect. It is not materially harmed by the 
light grazing of this region, it appears less affected than hardwoods 
by disease and insect injury, and in common with hardwoods it 
has in youth the capacity to sprout after fires. 
Mature stands in the bottom-land tj^pe are characterized by a 
greater number of trees to the acre -14 or more inches in diameter 
than on the uplands, the total generally varying from 50 to 100. 
Typically, the crown cover is dense, saplings and small poles 1 to 5 
inches in diameter are not usually numerous, and seedlings 1 to 4 
years old are often present in great numbers, particularly if fires 
have not recently passed over the ground. It appears that seedlings 
under the dense shade obtaining manage to survive for several years, 
die out, and are replaced by a new crop. The point to remember 
here is that seedlings in considerable numbers (some counts have 
shown 100 per square rod) are present and ready to develop when 
the overtopping trees are cut. In addition, forest tree seed of some 
species, such as green ash and red gum, appears to remain dormant 
in the surface soil or leaf mold of this type and to retain its capacity 
to germinate and grow vigorously after the old trees are cut. Vines, 
both of the woody and herbaceous types, are present over restricted 
areas to such an extent as to cause real damage, the larger vines 
weighing down and choking out older timber and the smaller over- 
coining seedlings and saplings. From Tennessee south, cane springs 
up on some of the bottoms after logging and may prevent or retard 
the growth of seedlings. 
EFFECT OF TIMBER-CUTTING OPERATIONS 
Although timber has been cut in the region for 75 years or more, 
the cutting has hardly assumed the proportions of logging operations 
as generally understood, save in a comparatively small territory. 
