TIMBER GROWING AND LOGGING PRACTICE 29 
diameter. Trees smaller than that saw out a high percentage of 
low-grade lumber ; in consequence their * stumpage value is low. 
Probably not over 50 per cent by volume of these better species should 
be cut in any one logging operation. This will ordinarly mean that 
more than 50 per cent of the large timber will be taken, but a plen- 
tiful reserve of smaller timber will be left to develop into the next 
crop. If by any chance it involves also the elimination of the better 
species over a considerable area, one or more trees of the better kinds 
over 18 inches in diameter should be left on each acre to serve as 
seed trees. Several seed trees to the acre would be best, but perhaps 
could not be justified economically. Second-growth ash and hickory, 
which are valuable in the smaller sizes, may sometimes be cut down to 
14 or 16 inches in diameter. The poorer species, which are to be 
discriminated against, should be cut just as small as possible. 
Mixed hardicood and conifer subtype. — In the stands of this type, 
the species to favor are yellow poplar, white ash, red oak, black wal- 
nut, white oak, chestnut oak, shortleaf pine, red cedar, and perhaps 
the black oak. The species to be discriminated against when they 
are mixed with the foregoing are blackjack oak, black gum, hickory, 
chestnut, ironwood, dogwood, reclbud, sassafras, and persimmon. 
Hickory in this type is commonly brash and of poor quality. 
Because of the relatively slow growth, low yields, and compara- 
tively low economic value of most of the hardwoods which occur on 
ridges and south slopes in mixture with shortleaf pine, it is desirable 
to increase the proportion of pine to the extent even of working over 
into a pure pine type. This appears possible if the pine is not cut to 
a smaller diameter than 12 or 14 inches, and in no case more heavily 
than 50 or 60 per cent of its volume on an acre. 
The hardwoods standing in mixture with the pine are often scrubby 
and of no commercial value, particularly the old trees. The hard- 
woods of merchantable quality should be cut out to the smallest 
commercial sizes, the smaller trees being utilized, if possible, for ties, 
cord wood, and mine timbers. Although it may not be practicable 
in many instances, it is advisable, if possible, to fall the worthless 
specimens of hardwoods and allow them to lie on the ground. If 
allowed to stand, they take up space which growing pine should be 
occupying. 
On north slopes or on other sites where the hardwoods run strongly 
to white oak and other species of good quality and thrifty growth in 
mixture with pine, it would commonly be difficult except at unjusti- 
fiably heavy expense to increase the proportion of pine. Here the 
valuable hardwoods should in general be cut to a diameter of 18 to 20 
inches; the inferior hardwood species and all worthless or diseased 
trees should be cut to the smallest sizes feasible; and the pine to a 
diameter of 12 to 14 inches. 
The stands of nearly pure pine should be handled the same 
as mixed hardwoods and pine on ridges and south slopes. Barring 
fires coupled with exceedingly heavy cutting operations, such stands 
should maintain their predominant pine character. 
Stands in which red cedar occurs in quantity, as in parts of the 
Missouri Ozarks, should perhaps be treated so as to favor this species. 
It is a very valuable fence-post tree, and commands a ready market 
for that purpose. The trees ordinarily occur in a wide variety of 
