JOINTWORM FLIES. 23 
then a member of the Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations 
force. It forms galls in Elymus sp. It is not known whether it has 
other hosts. It refused to breed in confinement at Charlottesville, 
Ya. There is one generation a year and apparently both males 
and females occur. 
SPECIE& whose biology is unknown. 
The species previously treated in this paper have all been reared 
repeatedly in cages under artificial conditions with the exception of 
captiva, rufipes, hesperus, elymopTitliora, and ovata. The writer 
has never seen living specimens of the remaining six species described 
by Phillips and Emery (10) — poophila, agropyrocola, occidentalis, 
elymophila, elymoxena, and gillettei — or of oromicola Howard and 
agrostidis Howard, and practically all that is known concerning 
them is contained in the meager data incidental to collection. Four 
of these, agrostidis, oromicola, elymoxena, and elymopMla, are from 
California; two, gillettei and poophila, are from Colorado; one, 
agropyrocola, from Utah ; and occidentalis from New Mexico. Noth- 
ing, of course, is known of their life histories. Poophila was reared 
from Poa lucida, sent in by A. D. Hopkins from Husted, Colo.; 
agropyrocola and occidentalis were reared from Agropyron sp., the 
former reared from material sent in by Desla Bennion and the latter 
from material forwarded by V. L. Wildermuth; oromicola was 
reared from Bromus ciliatus; agrostidis was reared from Agrostis 
sp. ; elymophila and elymoxena were reared from Elymus sp. The 
four last species were collected by Albert Koebele. II. gillettei, 
as the name implies, was reared by C. P. Gillette and was named 
for him; the host is unknown. Undoubtedly further observations 
and collections will add many more new species from the Western 
States, and more particularly from the Pacific Coast States. 
CONTROL MEASURES. 
Farmers, as well as entomologists, have concerned themselves very 
little about controlling these really serious pests. Fortunately or un- 
fortunately, depending upon the point of view, the parasites have 
taken care of the situation to such an extent that only now and then 
the jointworm (H. tritici) gets out of hand and causes the almost 
total destruction of a crop in a given locality. Therefore the matter 
has been viewed very calmly and a toll of from 1 to 5 bushels or 
more per acre has commonly been tolerated. We have been perfectly 
content to pay an annual tribute in preference to fighting vigorously 
to throw off this burden. But for the parasites we should have been 
obliged to bestir ourselves long ago or else abandon wheat growing 
in the Eastern States. There is some excuse for this condition of 
