JOINTWORM FLIES. 
it kills the entire plant. The larva develops within and right at 
the base of the plant, usually making the plant somewhat bulblike 
at this point (fig. 5). This generation emerges during March and 
April in the Eastern and Central States, while in Washington and 
probably in other Pacific States it emerges in 
April. This spring generation usually is wingless, 
though occasionally specimens may have wings. 
These winged individuals usually are imperfect 
in that they often have only two or three wings. 
Sometimes only the front pair are present, and 
Fig. 4. — Wheat straw-worm : Stage of de- 
velopment of wheat plant at time of 
oviposition of spring form (Harmolita 
grandis, form minata). Enlarged illus- 
tration at right shows the point where 
egg is deposited. (Webster and Reeves.) 
Fig. 5. — Wheat straw-worm : Pupa of sum- 
mer form (Harmolita grandis, form 
grandis) as it normally occurs in the field. 
The tiller thus attacked is always killed. 
(Webster and Reeves.) 
again only the hind wings. Males occasionally occur in this genera- 
tion, though rarely. 
The summer form (fig. 6) (H. grandis, form grandis) emerges in 
May and deposits eggs (fig. 7, d, e) in the growing wheat plants 
slightly above the joints, often placing the eggs directly in the 
cavity of the stem, where they hatch in about 5 days. Sometimes 
