JOINTWORM FLIES. 
about three weeks or a month from date of oviposition. They molt at 
least three times and possibly four. The larvse (PL II, A) are 
yellow, footless grubs, 
three-sixteenths of an 
inch long at maturity. 
They remain in the lar- 
val stage until late fall 
or early winter, when 
the majority usually 
change to pupae (PL II, 
B) , the remainder pupa- 
ting very early in the 
spring. 
Males normally occur, 
although in confinement 
this species will breed 
parthenogenetically, in 
which case the progeny 
are all males. 
THE WHEAT STRAW-WORM. 1 
Harmolita grand is 
ranks next to the wheat 
jointworm in import- 
ance as an enemy of 
wheat. Were it not for 
the ease with which it 
can be controlled it 
probably would be more 
destructive, and might 
even command greater 
prominence than the 
Hessian fly, due to the 
fact that there are two 
generations a year. At 
any rate, it is at present Fig. 2. — Eggs of species of Harmolita : a, H. tritici, 
, i . • , • '. . /• after oviposition ; b, H. tritidj before oviposition ; 
tne niOSI important Ot ^ H e i ymj/0 ora, before oviposition; d, H. hordei, 
the jointworm group after oviposition; e, H. hordei, before oviposition; 
west of the Mississippi 
River, where it often 
causes widespread injury. H. grandis is probably the most widely 
distributed species in the United States, occurring usually in greater 
or less numbers wherever wheat is grown. Though occurring in 
f, H. grandis, form minuta; g, H. agropyrophila. 
All greatly enlarged. (Original.) 
1 Harmolita grandis Riley. 
