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BULLETIN 527, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Fig. 14.— Methods of sharpening tools. 
stone or emery wheel, bevel side down, and grind until a thin wire 
edge is seen; next, rub them on the oilstone, first on the bevel side 
and then flat on the stone with the bevel side up. Repeat until 
the wire edge disappears and the edge becomes sharp. 
Saws must be sharp. The sharpening is not an easy matter, and 
pupils should be aided by some one who has had experience in doing 
this work. 
TERMS USED IN WOODWORKING. 
Certain terms are used in de- 
scribing woodworking operations. 
These are (1) cutting the stock or lumber, (2) squaring up the stock, 
(3) laying out the work, (4) cutting to lines, and (5) assembling the 
parts. 
By cutting the stock is meant the getting of the rough pieces of 
lumber ready to make the article. For finishing, add one-sixteenth 
inch to the thickness, one-eighth inch to the width, and one-half inch 
to the length of each piece. The width and thickness of rough lumber 
are always somewhat less than the stated dimensions. For example, 
a so-called inch board is usually seven-eighths inch in thickness . This 
must be kept in mind when cutting stock. Always try to avoid waste. 
To do this one must measure and calculate carefully before cutting 
the pieces. 
Squaring up the stock means making the rough piece into one that 
has smooth, flat, straight sides that are at right angles and that is of 
the desired length, breadth, and thickness. 
The term "finished' stock" is applied to 
stock that has been squared up. When 
squaring up stock you should establish 
a working face and a working edge. To 
establish a working face plane the board 
on one side . When planing place the bo ar d 
on the bench with the grain of the wood 
away from you and push it against the 
bench stop; begin planing along one edge of the face, take a stroke 
the length of the board, and continue in this way, moving across 
the piece. Test the surface by means of the try square. This is 
done [by placing the edge of the square on the planed surface as 
shown in figure 15, moving it about, and noticing if it touches at all 
points. If the face is not smooth, as indicated by the try square, 
continue planing until it is. Tins smooth face is the working face. 
Mark it with a cross ( X ) or some other mark to distinguish it. 
The working edge is obtained by planing one edge until it is smooth 
and square with the working face. To test the edge, place the beam 
Fig. 15.— Testing the surface. 
