10 BULLETIN $72, U. S, DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. 
Purchased concentrates were charged at the prices paid. The 
home-grown grains were given the farm price, plus extra charges for 
hauling and grinding, when necessary. The value of silage was based 
upon the value of the grain and roughage in it, less the difference 
between the cost of harvesting the corn and the cost of putting it 
into the silo. 
PASTURE. 
The rent on permanent pasture was obtained by adding the inter- 
est and taxes on the land and the upkeep and repairs on fences. 
Where meadows or stalk fields were pastured, the rent was based 
upon the prevailing rate in the section, or upon a fair rent based upon 
the quantity of feed obtained from the field. The rather common 
practice of allowing the stock to roam at will over fields after the 
crops had been harvested made it impracticable to express the pas- 
ture charge on an acreage basis. 
In normal years pastures usually are poor from the last of July 
until September. During the war the high price of grain tempted 
many of the farmers to plow up pasture land and sow it to grain, 
so that the acreage in pastures was greatly reduced. 
Sweet clover furnishes good pasture in this section. On one farm 
20 acres were sowed to sweet clover, with oats as a nurse crop. The 
oats yielded 32 bushels an acre, and 15 head of cattle and 8 horses 
were pastured for two months after the oats were cut. The follow- 
ing summer the sweet-clover pasture carried 18 head of cattle and 8 
horses from May to September, inclusive. 
On another farm 13| acres of sweet-clover pasture carried 21 cows, 
6 calves, and 4 horses from June 1 to September 15. The grazing 
could have begun a month earlier with beneficial results to the pas- 
ture, as the plants were too large and coarse by June 1. 
LABOR. 
Grain growing is the principal type of farming in this section, and 
on many farms in summer the herds were cared for and milked late, 
after the men had done a hard day's work in the fields. Table 6 
shows that in summer nearly four-fifths of the work about the dairy 
was performed by the manager or by the family help. In winter 
nearly three-fourths of it was performed by the manager with the 
help of his family. 
In all items involving a charge for labor, expressed in dollars and 
cents, the cost of management has not been included. When the 
manager worked, his time was charged up at the same price that he 
would have had to pay if he had hired a man of equal skill to take 
his place. The reason for not making a definite charge for manage- 
ment is because no satisfactory basis has been found upon which to 
make this charge. 
