TIMBER GROWING IN DOUGLAS FIR REGION 3 
that must be done and the lowest cost that must be incurred to keep 
forest lands reasonably productive. While influenced in some cases 
by the economic conditions in the region, they have been worked out 
primarily from the standpoint of the landowner who may not be 
ready to engage in real timber culture but who wishes to prevent 
cut-over tracts unsuitable for any purpose except timber growing 
from becoming a liability on his hands. Except within certain 
limitations, which are discussed in dealing with particular regions, 
the Forest Service believes that these first steps or minimum measures 
should be speedily applied to all of the forest lands in the United 
States. And the Forest Service believes that public policy should 
encourage their universal application in such ways as protection from 
fire and the adjustment of forest taxation to the business of timber 
erowing. 
The second group of proposed measures constitutes what may be 
called the desirable forestry practice in the region concerned as far 
as our knowledge and eae to date enable us to determine it. 
These measures are designed to grow reasonably complete crops of the 
more valuable timber trees, making full use of the real productive 
capacity of the land. The recommendations are addressed primarily 
to the landowner who wishes to use his property up to its full earn- 
ing power for timber culture. It is impossible to frame any general 
set of measures of this character that are adapted to the individual 
needs of particular holdings or industrial establishments. This is 
true particularly of forest regions like the Northeastern States, which 
include a great variety of local situations both in the types of srowth 
and in economic circumstances. Hence, in presenting this group of 
suggested measures, the Forest Service has attempted only to draw 
the broad outlines of the more general and fundamental things, with 
illustrative methods of forest practice. The details of intensive 
forestry, like the details of intensive agriculture or engineering, call 
for expert survey in working out the plans and methods best adapted 
to a particular tract of land or a particular business. One of the most 
important features of expert planning for the management of a par- 
ticular forest property or for a supply of raw material for a particular 
forest industry is to devise, not simply woods operations that will 
produce full crops of timber, but also a scheme of logging that will 
afford a continuous yield of products desired, in order that sustained 
earnings may be realized or a sustained supply of raw material made 
available. 
in some cases it is not practicable to draw a hard and fast line 
between the first steps that will maintain some degree of produc- 
tiveness on forest land and the more intensive measures ind will 
bring the quantity and quality of wood produced up more nearly 
to an ideal management. Gradations between the two general 
sroups of measures are inevitable. The Forest Service has not 
attempted, therefore, to deal with the two general types of forest 
practice as wholly separate and distinct, but has rather endeavored 
to present a common-sense and practical résumé of the various 
steps in timber erowing in the form that will be most helpful to the 
man in the woods. The bulletins have been written for the land- 
owner and the lumberman rather than for the technical forester. 
Their purpose is to put the main ideas into the most useful form, 
considering the special needs and problems of each region, for aiding 
