- 18 BULLETIN 1493, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
greatly throughout the region and from year to year. Some of 
these should be in effect even longer than the ‘‘closed season” de- 
fined by law. No attempt is made to coordinate these requirements 
with existing law.? 
(1) In every logging operation employing over 30 men in the 
woods, there should be a camp firewarden, paid by the company 
and commissioned by the State as deputy firewarden, whose sole 
duties during the fire season are the prevention and suppression of 
fires on the operation. He should be given authority and be held 
accountable, be a man of intelligence and energy, and know how to 
get results in handling fire and men. Jn smaller camps, the camp 
foreman can perform the duties of camp firewarden or assign some 
one else to this work. 
(2) Every logging camp should be organized for fire prevention 
and suppression. ‘There should be a fire signal, and the men should 
be instructed as to their duties in case of fire. Employees should 
be instructed in the requirements of the State law. Logging plans 
should be made with the thought of fire control. Companies should 
make rules about smoking, care of spark arresters, dumping hot 
ashes, sanding flues, blasting, and building camp fires or rubbish 
fires, and have the camp firewarden enforce them. 
(3) The camp firewarden should have firemen working directly 
under him who devote their time exclusively to fire prevention. 
They should patrol the railroad tracks (each carrying a shovel or other 
fire-fighting tool), watch donkeys at noon and night, and attend to 
smoldering fires. Their number would depend upon conditions, 
but it is thought that one man for each 30,000 feet cut daily during 
the fire season is a minimum. The camp firewarden can perform 
the duties of a fireman (patrolman) in small camps. Firemen 
should be able-bodied, handy, and trustworthy. 
(4) Every operator should keep in touch with the “‘fire weather” 
warning service of the Weather Bureau or make his own observa- 
tions of relative humidity and other climatic factors. In time of 
acute fire risk he should increase his precautionary measures, and 
make doubly sure that every right-of-way fire, camp bonfire, and 
‘hold over’? from slash burning is out. If especially dangerous 
conditions are predicted, the operaton should be suspended for a 
day or two until the dry ‘‘east wind”’ spell has passed. 
(5) All wood or coal-burning steam engines, locomotive and sta- 
tionary, should be equipped with spark arresters which are effective 
and which are kept in repair. Oi-burning locomotives or other 
oil burners with inside exhaust should have at least a screen bonnet 
over the stack. All new wood- or coal-burning donkey engines pur- 
chased should be equipped so that they may exhaust outside the 
stack. Oil burners should not be moved while a wood fire is on the 
grate. Ash pans should be kept in repair so that they will not leak 
coals. Flues of oil burners should be sanded frequently, but only 
in safe areas. 
(6) Fire-fighting equipment should be ready for use at strategic 
places, preferably in tool boxes, marked ‘‘For Fire ON ty.” 
For example, each locomotive and each donkey (or group of donkeys, 
2 A more detailed discussion of this subject may be found in the following: OSBORNE, W. B., Jr. FIRE 
FIGHTING. In The Western Fire Fighter’s Manual, chap. 7, 66 p., illus. 1919. It is full of practical, 
helpful suggestions, 
