24 BULLETIN 1493, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
during a term of years. Here single seed trees would not be essential, 
though always an added assurance of natural reforestation. 
Where in the ordinary course of events the logged land will be far 
removed from standing timber, and where no defective trees are 
avaiable and leaving sound trees involves an unjustifiable invest- 
ment of merchantable stumpage, the operator should make an effort 
to so plan his logging that freshly cut and burned land may get the 
benefit of the seed-fall from near-by trees for at least a season or two. 
This can be done by logging alternate settings, a procedure now 
sometimes followed as a fire precaution; and also by scattering out 
the ‘“‘sides”’ or logging units on separate spurs. Hach cut-over tract 
wil thus be not toe remote from some green timber, through its first 
years at least. } 
- TREATMENT OF THE NEW FOREST CROP AFTER LOGGING 
PROTECTION FROM FIRE 
The most important treatment of the new crop of timber is to 
protect it from fire. With effective protection against fire it will 
develop with astonishing rapidity into usable timber under the 
stimulating influence of long, mild growing seasons, abundant rain- 
fall, and good soils. 
In the preceding discussion it has been assumed that logging 
operators individually should protect their cut-over land as long as 
it is menaced by fire from their own operations. Thereafter the 
protection of these lands, like that of virgim forest lands, is a matter 
for regional cooperative action. ‘This general protection will be 
considered later under the heading “‘ Regional cooperative system of 
forest protection.”’ 
In addition to protection from fire, there is little that an owner 
need do for the growing crop. Saplings and young timber are little 
subject to disease or insect pests. The elements—wind, ice, and 
snow—will occasionally do some havec, but the promotion of a 
dense, unbroken forest canopy is the best preventive of such damage. 
GRAZING OF REFORESTING, LOGGED-OFF LAND 
At present there is considerable grazing of cattle on logged-off 
valley and foothill land which is of potential agricultural character. 
Very commonly such land has been repeatedly burned, with the 
idea of discouraging tree growth as a preliminary to clearing or 
putting the land in pasture in conjunction with farms. With this 
type of land, this study is not concerned. 
There has also been some grazing, both by cattle and by sheep, of 
cut-over land of no agricultural value. Cattle ranges are usually 
seeded to grasses. For sheep there seems to be enough weeds and 
browse to make good range without any seeding. The reasons why 
more of the great acreage of logged-off lands is not grazed are mostly 
economic and probably temporary. With increasing competition for 
range there is likely to be a greater use of Douglas fir cut-over land. 
There has been some question whether grazing is consistent with 
timber growing in this region and it is therefore well to consider their 
interrelation. Grazing on logged lands of this region must inevitably 
be for a short term of years; as soon as the Douglas fir saplings and 
