156 BULLETIN 209, TJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Cuttings of many hybrids root easily, although the cuttings from 
one of the parents may be hard to root. 
Where conditions are not suited to a given species, they are often 
well adapted to hybrids of that species with some other species. 
As cuttings of Monticola, Berlandieri, Aestivalis, Linsecomii, 
Bicolor, and Candicans (Pis. VI, VII, and VIII) are hard to root, 
they should be rooted in the nursery and grafted there, or planted in 
the vineyard and grafted afterwards. 
Riparia cuttings root easily and are excellent stocks well suited 
for vineyard and bench grafting, but they are adapted to but few 
California soils. Soils in which Riparia varieties thrive usually 
produce large crops of only fair quality. 
Rupestris cuttings root and graft easily and are best adapted 
to bench grafting. When so used the dormant eyes should be cut 
out of the stock. Many varieties are not congenial to Rupestris, 
and their fruit is usually somewhat later in ripening than when 
grown on some other stock. 
In most instances Riparia, Berlandieri, Champini, and Aestivalis 
stocks (PI. VI, VII, and VIII) are congenial to Vinifera varieties. 
Their fruitfulness is increased and the time of ripening hastened in 
comparison with the same varieties grown on other stocks. 
Some of the hybrid resistant-stock varieties are making enviable 
records as stocks under California conditions. 
Where all the qualities desired can not be found in a hybrid, a 
complex hybrid — that is, a hybrid of hybrids — may yield the desired 
results. 
A grower of Vinifera grapes should decide before locating his 
vineyard what varieties he desires to grow, and then choose soil and 
other conditions suited to such varieties. He should know whether 
stocks are to be established in the vineyard and grafted afterwards 
or whether the plantings are to be of bench or nursery grafts. He 
should then select the resistant varieties best suited to the purpose 
and conditions and which at the same time are congenial to the 
varieties he intends to grow. He should familiarize himself with 
all the operations necessary in establishing a resistant vineyard. 
The amount of money practically thrown away in the reestablish- 
ment of Vinifera vineyards in this country since the first appearance 
of phylloxera in them can not be even approximately estimated. 
The direct causes of this waste of money have been due to lack 
of information and the fact that there was no source from which 
data could be obtained. This has resulted in the taking of chances 
by the growers in planting nonresistants, or in using the wrong 
resistants, or in using resistants which were not congenial to the 
varieties they were growing. Other causes for this waste have 
been the purchase of bench grafts on resistant stocks not true to 
