12 BULLETIN 833, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
pads, and legs are dark brown, and the abdomen orange. The 
cephalic horns are distinct in the nearly mature form of the pupa. 
When mature the pupa works its way out of the gall. On emer- 
gence a split is made upon the dorsal line of the head and thorax of 
the pupal case through which the adultissues. (Pl.I,A,D.) During 
emergence the adult is very active and issues very rapidly. 
From the time that the larva enters the tissue to the first sign of a 
swelling, or gall, observations on 18 life-history cages show that a 
period ranging from 4 to 14 days elapsed with an average of 7 days 
(see fourth column of Table HI). The young gall may now be 
readily recognized by the characteristic white spots, or slight swell- 
ings. 
Tt takes from 21 to 46 days, with an average of 28 days, from = 
time at which the larva first enters the tissue until the emergence’ 
of the adult. These observations were taken from the results obtained 
from 18 cages during the spring of 1917 and the spring and fall of 
1918, as is shown in the following table. Britton (32) found it to 
require from 20 to 50 days to transform within the gall. 
Tasie III.— Time required from: (a) larva entering tissue until first sign of gall; (b) larva 
entering tissue until emergence of adult. 
| Time, Total 
Cage. | Larva entering tissue. First sign of gall. | eae Date of emergence. length 
‘ le ota: (b). 
| | } 
di Days. | Days. 
BCA DE Ube coe cos 2 [se See a ees leA‘DE 29 COsMay. 2 nee eee 22 
ol a Oosnczerten och... [hiss trie aeel > eS - lieben | Ape 30) 2 eee. ee 121 
Bf Were eae 5 oven eee ee en ee ren Ae ees ey eo ds ed 1 Bs at SE ey AE he A 23 
Ai | Seon. GOs ssf es o2 Jy a ees Be ae eee Apr. 30:torMay 26. eos 22 
1918 
53) RAIS) oy (ea a PEE ke Feb. 151 EES ea ee: | Mar 4. ce 228 es ee ee 25 
Gi] se 28 GOs2t3 Shey. eee oh dO ees ae dt Mar?saqfs-. 2. Cee he ee 26 
7 el el ee Pee eee Mar. iG We Ae See gers 6. CA PES 022 ae coe 36 
8F|oMans6-10= 3 sake es ees dor: avi? - 33 Os) ADE. 8-222 208 oe eee 38 
Qn arial Bie 5 Mee pepeenagn 1 eh Ee ee eae 6 [APES 2lee sn ee eee 2 
3 [SY ete OF Steer cet eS ee Mare. 2 ccnare fegee: L Ae | eee d03.3= Jes ee 244 
1H ie) eres. GOs. 5 ee ee Marslt-225ac22 5 =e 63 Apr: 65.2. 8252). sea eee 25 
1 B34 |e ena aaa se oe (3 (ORs cae nee! Gili Css. Skt. Bee eee eae eee 
ASR RUS. Ole see ee ae eree Sept. 9-19. 2 SCDie 2d aaa ee eee 25 
$4>\ Septs222) =: tase ee Septs.92 3524 2. 5 bees 6 | sOCtsi2 08 3825 een 30 
15) SCPE. 4-14 ee ae Septslitenssaceee eee 8 SEDI 26:60, OCR Stee ae eee 121 
$61) Sepie4-11- 22 i ee Senteihitssrs 2 ete 7 Sent 2h to jOcin2 =e 22 
{il Septocit os ee | Sopedi4= 10245 ca cast GA Ochs 4ai20.. ase eee | 23 
AST ISCDE 24-252 aoe |) Oct 2 Sears ree 8 | Oct. 3 to"Novy.-2:s5. sas 2% 34 
1 Minimum time. 2 Maximum time. 
From Table IV it is evident that the total life cycle requires from 
27 to 52 days, with an average of 35 days. These data represent 
the results obtained from 17 life-history cages under Washington 
conditions. There is a constant overlapping of broods when the 
greatest numbers are present, namely in the spring and fall of each 
year. The estivation period has been found to extend, in Maryland, 
Virginia, and the District of Columbia, from the early part of June 
to the latter part of August. 
