40 BULLETIN 660, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Filling ruts. — This operation needs no explanation. 
Filling washouts. — This operation needs no explanation. 
Finishing. — Shall include all other work necessary to complete a road or part of a 
roadway. 
Forming. — Shall include the building of all forms for concrete work and the removal 
of the same. 
General. — Shall include all charges impossible to allocate directly as belonging to 
any other operation in the table, or as a summary of operations on particular 
posts when desired. 
Grouting. — Shall include all filling out and finishing of any work with a thin watery 
cement, or cement and sand mixture, as the grouting of brick pavements, etc. 
Grubbing. — Shall include the removal of stumps and roots. 
Guarding. — Shall include all charges for watchmen, barriers, signs, and warning 
lights during the period that the road is being constructed or repaired. 
Harrowing. — Shall include all methods of breaking up clods of material on the road 
or mixing with harrows the materials of which the road is to be made. It differs 
from loosening. 
Hauling. — Shall include the transportation of materials or equipment. 
Heating. — Shall include all processes of raising the temperature of materials by the 
application of heat. 
Laying. — Shall include the coating, spreading over, or covering any roadway course 
or road surface with any material, the placing in definite position of similar 
individual pieces of prepared material, or the constructing of a roadway course. 
Loading. — Shall include the placing of any object or material in a conveyance. 
Loading and hauling. — Shall include a combination of loading and hauling, both of 
which have been defined. 
Loosening. — Shall include the breaking up of a dense, close mass, as an old road sur- 
face, into detailed particles with picks, scarifiers, or any other equipment. 
Mixing. — Shall include all blending of materials into masses by stirring or turning,, 
such asthe mixing of concrete, water, aggregate, etc., but shall not include harrowing. 
Mixing and placing. — Shall include, in addition to mixing, the locating of the mixed 
material in a desired position. 
Moving. — Shall include all operations necessary for shifting or changing the position 
of any object. Thus it is a general term and may include a number of specific 
operations. 
Operating. — Shall include the continuing in activity of any machinery. 
Oiling. — Shall include the spraying or coating of a road surface with liquid bituminous 
matter. 
Painting. — Shall include the covering of any object with a coating of a prepared 
pigment; also shall include whitewashing. 
Patroling. — Shall include the continuous services of patrolmen repairing and main- 
taining a designated stretch of road. 
Pile driving. — Shall include the placing of piles or sheathing by means of a driving 
hammer. 
Placing. — Shall include the locating in a desired position of any object or material. 
Planting. — Shall include the putting or placing of any sod, seed, shrub, or tree for 
growth. 
Plumbing. — Shall include the preparation and placing of pipes, pumps, etc., required 
to deliver water to the road. 
Plowing. — Shall include the loosening of any material by the use of a plow. 
Pumping. — Shall include the lifting or driving of any material by pumps. 
Quarrying. — Shall include the taking out of stone from an excavation or quarry. 
Removing snow. — Requires no explanation. 
