GRAIN-SORGHUM EXPERIMENTS IN. THE PANHANDLE OF TEXAS. 179 
yield in 1916, when the later kafirs did not produce any grain. The 
highest yield made was 45.8 bushels, in 1915. Many of the grain 
sorghums made much better yields in that year. The lowest yield, 
excepting the failure of 1913, was 3.4 bushels, in 1916. In 1911 this 
variety made the very good yield of 30.8 bushels as the average of 
‘three plats. The annual and average yields of the Barchet are com- 
pared with those of leading varieties of the White and Brown sub- 
groups in Table XXXVI. 
THE BROWN KAOLIANG SUBGROUP. 
The Brown kaoliang subgroup contains a numerous collection of 
very diverse varieties. Some are early, some midseason, and some 
late. Some are dwarf, some midsized, and some tall. Some have 
very compact heads; others have open and spreading panicles. All 
are introductions from China and Manchuria. Almost all of them 
were mixed when received, and many of them contained hybrids, 
probably due to their having been grown in mixtures in their native 
land. 
Those varieties which the preliminary experiments showed to have 
some promise for American conditions have been carefully selected 
and better races developed. For the most part, however, they have 
not been able to compete with the milo and kafir varieties in yield. 
No less than 33 varieties and selections of these brown-seeded kao- 
liangs have been grown. There were 19 when the experiment was 
begun in 1908. The maximum number in any one year was 23, in 
1913, and the smallest number grown was 8, in 1915 and 1916. The 
results obtained are presented in Tables XXXIV and XXXY. 
Since the varieties included in this subgroup are so very diverse, 
it is impossible to interpret their performance and value by a dis- 
cussion of average results. It is possible, however, to present the 
average results obtained from two or three of the best varieties. 
The most promising of all, and the only one that has any commercial 
importance, is Manchu (C. I. No. 171). It was obtained from Japan, 
but without any doubt is a native of Manchuria, whence other 
almost identical forms have been derived. Figure 11 shows a plat 
of Manchu kaoliang (C. I. No. 171) grown at Amarillo, Tex., in 1908. 
The most prominent characteristic of Manchu kaclhiang has been its 
earliness. In 1908, a fairly normal season, it matured in 89 days, of 
which the vegetative period occupied 62 and the fruiting period 27 
days. The only other variety as early was C. I. No. 261, an almost 
identical form of this variety, but not as good a yielder. The shortest 
growing period was 80 days, in 1914, and the next was 83 days, in 
1909. In these two years the yields were 20 and 18.1 bushels per 
acre, respectively. The average duration of the growing period has 
been 93 days, of which an average of 65 days has been occupied by 
