6 
BULLETIN 919, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
of the truck method of hauling milk is shown by the very low cost of 
6.2 cents per 100 pounds of milk in winter and 6.1 cents per 100 
pounds of milk in summer. The use of the motor truck also accounts 
for the small amount of horse labor. 
The cost of keeping a bull includes feed, labor, and other costs 
expressed in dollars. For closer study a table will be found on page 
10 expressing the costs in terms of pounds and hours. 
REQUIREMENTS FOR KEEPING A COW ONE YEAR. 
The greater production per cow, in summer, of 1,399 pounds of 
milk, shown in Table 2, is partly due to a larger percentage of cows 
freshening in the winter and early spring, but more particularly it is 
the direct result of good pastures. The value of this pasture is espe- 
cially noticeable when one observes that in winter the cows required 
946 pounds of grain to produce 3,217 pounds of milk, while in summer 
they required only 241 pounds of grain to produce 4,616 pounds of 
milk. 
Table 2. — Number of cows, average production- per cow, and requirements for 
keeping a cow during each season and for tlie entire year, except cost of man- 
agement, based on records of the two years' work. 
Item. 
Winter. Summer. Entire vear 
1,043.1 
3„ 217 
1,049.3 
4,616 
1,046.2 
7,833 
Average production per cow 
pounds.. 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
Feed: 
Purchased concentrates 
Home-grovm grains 
711 
235 
214 
27 
925 
262 
Total concentrates 
946 
SO. 72 
241 
10.15 
1,187 
SO. 87 
Noncommercial roughage pounds. . 
Commercial carbohydrate hay do j 
Legume hay . . do — 
188 
2,558 
246 
4 
314 
28 
190 
2,872 
274 
Total dry roughage 
Silage and other succulent roughage 
Bedding 
.do.... 
..do.... 
.do.... 
2,990 
4,610 
239 
f SI. 70 
\or 0.1 acre. 
60.1 
.29 
346 
1,864 
6 
S21.34 
or 1 acre. 
60.9 
.87 
3,336 
6,474 
295 
S23.04 
Labor: 
hours.. 
.do.... 
or 1.1 acres* 
121.0 
Horse 
1.0 
Other costs: 
S4.10 
2.34 
1.22 
3.62 
2.44 
$4- 07 
2.33 
1.22 
3.60 
1.94 
.04 
2.82 
S8.17 
4.67 
Herd" charges: Taxes, insurance, veterinary, medicines 
, disin- 
2.44 
7.22 
C ost o f keering bull 
4.38 
Motor-truck charee 
.04 
Cash hauling of milk 
1.9S 
4.80 
15.70 
2.30 
16.02 
2.29 
31.72 
4.59 
Total other costs 
SIS. 00 
S18.31 
$36. 31 
The one-tenth of an acre pasture charge shown for winter repre- 
sents supplementary pasture or pasture on meadows in spring and 
second-crop meadow and grain stubble in the fall. In case the oats 
are lodged fall pasture furnishes a valuable source of feed. In 
