10 
BULLETIN 919, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
number of the bulls received no bedding at all, and in one instance 
where the bull was kept separate his stall was bedded with the refuse 
hay from his manger. 
Table 5. — Requirements for keeping a dull, by seasons, based on averages 
obtained from the equivalent of 344 bulls. 
Item. 
Winter. 
Summer. 
Entire 
year. 
Feed: 
Purchased concentrates 
Home-grown grain 
pounds.. 
do 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
do.... 
280 
129 
166 
55 
446 
184 
Total concentrates 
409 
221 
630 
Noncommercial roughage 
Commercial carbohydrate hay 
Legume hay 
339 
3,360 
193 
208 
1,790 
77 
547 
5,150 
270 
do.... 
do.... 
...do 
Total dry roughage 
Succulent roughage 
B edding 
3,892 
1,669 
31 
$1.68 
24.0 
2,075 
1,400 
12 
$11.88 
16.4 
5,967 
3,069 
43 
Pasture" 
$13.56 
Human labor 
hours.. 
40.4 
Other costs: 
Interest and insurance on bull investment 
$10.54 
4.06 
6.36 
$10.48 
4.09 
6.28 
$21.02 
Bull's share of buildings. .. ..... 
8.15 
Depreciation ... 
12.64 
Total other costs 
20.96 
10.22 
20.85 
10.10 
41.81 
Credit for outside bull service 
20.32 
Total other cost less outside bull service 
10.74 
10.75 
21.49 
Table 5 shows an annual depreciation of $12.64 per bull per year. 
Most of the bulls were purebred and were purchased when young at 
purebred prices. As they grew older their values increased. This 
appreciation in value helped to decrease the depreciation on old bulls 
sold for beef for less than their purebred value. 
A credit for outside bull service of $20.32 per year was due to 
service fees obtained from four of the bulls in the association, one of 
which was an animal of special merit. However, the large credit 
for outside service for this bull was partly offset by the increased 
charges for interest, insurance, and depreciation. If both the " other 
costs " of keeping the bull and the credit for outside service had been 
stricken from the records, the net " other costs " per year for keeping 
the other bulls would have averaged $31.69. 
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF MILK. 
FEED. 
Concentrates is a term applied to grains and to their manufactured 
by-products which contain a large amount of nutritious substance in 
a relatively small bulk. 
Home-grown grains refer to concentrates grown on the farm or in 
the locality where fed. 
Dry roughage includes various hays and other rough feeds, which 
are subdivided into the three following classes : 
