PRODUCING MILK IN WESTERN WASHINGTON. 11 
Noncommercial dry roughage applies to coarse feeds, such as corn 
stover and velvet-grass hay, for which price quotations are not given 
in the trade papers. Hay or other dry roughage so foul with weeds 
or so damaged in curing as not to be readily salable is also classified 
under this heading. 
Leguminous roughage includes alfalfa, clover, cowpea, soy bean, 
and other commercial legume hays, when pure, or when so slightly 
mixed with grasses as not materially to affect the protein content. 
Commercial carbohydrate roughage refers to all commercial hays 
except those classified as leguminous roughage. 
Succulent roughage consists of mangels, potatoes, silage, and soil- 
ing crops. 
The quantities of the various feeds used were obtained from actual 
weights made by the field agent on his regular monthly visit to each 
farm. 
Purchased concentrates were charged at the prices paid, less the 
value of the sacks in which they were purchased. These sacks were 
readily salable if not desired for use on the farm and were given the 
same value for which they could have been sold. The home-grown 
grains were given the farm price plus such extra charges as hauling 
and grinding when necessary. When baling or hauling dry rough- 
age was necessary the price for such was deducted from the market 
value of the feed. If the succulent roughage was salable the farm 
price was used in determining valuations per ton ; however, if it was 
not salable a price which was commensurate with its value as com- 
pared with the value of a marketable product was placed on it. 
PASTURE. 
In western Washington pasture plays a very important part in 
milk production. With cool weather throughout most of the sum- 
mer, plenty of moisture, and a rich soil there is abundant pasture 
until late in the fall. During the pasture season almost 60 per cent 
of the milk for the year was produced and at one-third the yearly 
feed cost. 
The charges against pasture consist of interest, taxes, upkeep, and 
repairs on fences, cutting thistles and weeds, and seeding. 
Interest was figured on the unimproved value of the land, which 
was obtained by deducting from the improved value any increase in 
worth due to the dairy buildings contributary to it. The rate of 
interest allowed varied from 6 to 8 per cent. The rate was deter- 
mined by the per cent the farmer would have to pay if he borrowed 
money to buy the land. 
The amount of the taxes on the whole farm was ascertained from 
the books of the county authorities ; from this the amount incidental 
to pasture was calculated. 
