PRODUCING MILK IN WESTERN WASHINGTON. 19 
they were quite often used to haul milk or to get cans, because this 
method requires less effort than to carry or cart them. The high 
figure of 0.43 of an hour per cow for June, 1919, is chiefly due to one 
man who used a large amount of time cutting and hauling soiling 
crops. 
SUMMARY. 
A study of the results presented in this bulletin shows that 56.4 
per cent of the total cost of producing milk was due to feed and 
bedding, 23.5 per cent to labor, 17.6 per cent to other costs, and 
2.5 per cent to depreciation (see Table 8). 
The requirements for producing 100 pounds of milk during the 
winter were: Concentrates, 29.4 pounds; hauling and grinding con- 
centrates, $0,022; dry roughage, 92.9 pounds; succulent roughage, 
143.3 pounds ; bedding, 9 pounds ; human labor, 1.9 hours ; horse labor, 
0.01 of an hour; other costs, $0,576 (see Table 1). Credits for 
winter production other than milk: Manure, 115 pounds; calves, 
0,017 (see Tables 3 and 4). Requirements for producing 100 pounds 
of milk during the summer were : Concentrates, 5.2 pounds ; hauling 
and grinding concentrates, $0.003 ; dry roughage, 7.5 pounds ; succu- 
lent roughage, 40.4 pounds; pasture, 0.025 of an acre; bedding, 0.1 of 
one pound; human labor, 1.3 hours; horse labor, 0.015 of an hour; 
other costs, $0,406. Credits for summer production other than milk : 
Manure, 13 pounds ; calves, 0.009. 
The following items were provided for keeping the average cow 
one year: Concentrates, 1,187 pounds; hauling and grinding concen- 
trates, $0.87 ; dry roughage, 3,336 pounds ; succulent roughage, 6,474 
pounds; pasture, $23.04 or 1.1 acres; bedding, 295 pounds; human 
labor, 121 hours; horse labor, 1 hour; other costs, $36.31 (see Table 
2) . Credits other than milk : Manure, 2.2 tons ; calves, 0.97. 
To keep a bull one year required 630 pounds of grain, 5,967 pounds 
of dry roughage, 3,069 pounds of succulent roughage, 43 pounds of 
bedding, and 40.4 hours of human labor. In addition, $13.56 was 
expended for pasture and $21.49 for other costs after a credit of 
$20.32 had been deducted for outside bull service. 
During the winter men performed 89.8 per cent of the work and 
86.2 per cent during the summer. The remaining labor was per- 
formed by women and boys (see Table 6). 
Interest, depreciation, taxes, and similar charges against buildings, 
equipment, and cattle amounted to 15.4 per cent of the capital in- 
vested in them (see Table 7). 
In the two years 44.5 per cent of each year's income from milk was 
obtained during the winter. The net feed and bedding cost for the 
first winter was 58.6 per cent of the net yearly feed and bedding cost, 
but during the second year the winter net feed and bedding cost was 
increased to 62.3 per cent (see Table 10). 
