52 BULLETIN 1388, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
products, which results in a tendency for farmers to specialize in these 
products. The vast surplus production of the area usually must seek 
distant markets for an outlet. These distant markets for the bulkier 
products are often prohibitive on account of the high cost of 
transportation and the low value of the product. Farmers affected 
by such conditions have two means of overcoming a part of their 
high freight disadvantage. The first is in the production of more 
highly concentrated products like livestock and dairy and poultry 
products or in the production of such crops as beans, clover seed, and 
small fruits. Where canneries are available several kinds of vege- 
tables may be profitable. The other means is to standardize prod- 
ucts and create a demand in distant markets for these products of 
superior quality. 
In planning the farm organization it is essential that the operator 
study the probable markets for his various products as well as the 
conditions which affect these markets. This involves a study of 
possibilities for the efficient marketing of the entire output on indi- 
vidual farms, by direct sales, and by feeding to livestock and a will- 
ingness to cooperate with other farmers in the community in an 
effort to improve the general marketing conditions of the area. 
FARM ENTERPRISES VARY IN THEIR DEMAND UPON THE RESOURCES OF THE 
FARMER 
The crops and livestock grown in the Yakima Valley differ con- 
siderably in their demands upon the several resources of the farmer. 
Crops like potatoes and sugar beets need the very best soil and care 
if good results are to be obtained; other crops like rutabagas, squash, 
and sweet clover have done remarkably well on land which is too 
alkaline for other crops. 
Pastures and new seeding of alfalfa need frequent applications of 
water throughout the season. The kind of plant, the stage of plant 
growth, and the type of soil cause variations in demand upon the 
farmer's water supply. 
Any sudden expansion in the livestock enterprise must take into 
consideration the probable returns from the outlay of new capital 
needed in the form of livestock bought, new buildings, fences, etc. 
Farm enterprises vary in their demand upon the farmer's labor 
supply. This often results in competing, complementary, and sup- 
plementary relationships which must be understood in order to effect 
the most profitable farm organization for a given set of conditions. 
Enterprises which require attention at the same time are called 
11 competing enterprises. Sugar beets and small grains compete for 
the farmer's time in the spring, especially if no fall plowing has been 
provided for. Potatoes, if the planting has been delayed, will com- 
Eete with alfalfa for labor at the time for cutting the first crop of 
ay or with sugar beets at the time for thinning. The thing to 
remember is that certain enterprises are more exacting in their 
demands as to just exactly the time when certain operations must 
be made than are others. For instance, sugar beets must be given 
preference in the early spring, as their success is largely dependent 
upon early planting. In a similar way, all other farm work becomes 
secondary to alfalfa when it is time to harvest this crop. Crops 
also compete for water, and here again certain crops demand prefer- 
ence. Potatoes, one of the most important cash crops on the irri- 
