2 BULLETIN 641, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
It was found that the amount of man labor required to produce a 
ton of hay averaged 4.2 hours for the 52 farms studied in the New 
York and 5.23 hours for the 37 farms in the Pennsylvania area. The 
number of hours of horse labor is almost the same as the number of 
man hours, 4.22 per ton for New York and 5 for Pennsylvania. 
About 36 per cent of all hay produced on the New York farms was 
sold, while but 17 per cent from the Pennsylvania area reached the 
market. 
The average life of hay meadows was 3.66 years for the New York 
farms and 4.10 years for the Pennsylvania farms. 
The average farm value of hay on December 1 for a period of 10 
years (1906-1915) was $14.62 per ton for the New York farms and 
SI 5. 14 for the Pennsylvania farms. With a yield of about one and a 
hah tons per acre, there is an excess over cost of production of $9.62 
per ton for the New York farms and S9.04 per ton for the Pennsyl- 
vania farms in the farm value of No. 1 hay, which indicates that under 
average conditions hay growing is a profitable farm enterprise in these 
areas. 
DESCRIPTION OF AREAS STUDIED. 
Steuben Comity, N. Y., is one of the more important hay-producing 
comities in the State. It ranks among the first 10 in total produc- 
tion, both of timothy alone and timothy and clover mixed hay. 
In general the surface in this county is very uneven, being broken 
by a series of long, rather steep hills and moderately broad valleys. 
The important towns in most cases are connected by good pike roads, 
which are a great asset in marketing farm crops. 
In Washington County, Pa., the hills are of slightly less elevation 
than those in the New York area, though the slopes are steeper. In 
the main, however, the topography is the same with reference to 
facility for making hay. 
SIZE OF FARMS. 
The average size of the farms studied in Pennsylvania was 171 
acres; of the New York farms, 202 acres. (See Table II.) The 
tillable area per farm is about the same in each State, approximately 
156 acres. On the New York farms 35 per cent of the tillable area is 
in hay, as compared to 26 per cent on the Pennsylvania farms. There 
is no apparent reason for this large difference in hay area. Wash- 
ington County is close to the Pittsburgh market, where there is a con- 
stant demand for hay. while the hay from Steuben County must be 
shipped much farther to market — to Buffalo or New York City. 
Table I, compiled from census figures (1910 report), gives statistics 
on the per cent of land in hay for both counties. The per cent of 
tillable area in hay for each county as a whole is lower than that for 
the farms where the records were taken. (Compare witli Table II.) 
