JACK PINE, 5) 
tinguished by absence of permanent prickles on the cones. Most 
characteristic, however, is the position of the cones. In jack pine the 
cones are subterminal; that is, they grow near the ends of the twigs. 
In lodgepole pine the cones are lateral; that is, they grow on the sides 
of the larger twigs. 
RANGE. 
Jack pine ranges from the southern shores of Lake Michigan to 
latitude 65° on the Mackenzie River, and from Nova Scotia to the 
southeastern corner of Yukon Territory and northeastern British 
Columbia, extending nearly to the foothills of the Canadian Rockies. 
(See fig. 1).1. Its range east and west is some 2,500 miles; its north 
and south extension is 1,600 miles, and averages about 600 miles along 
any meridan. 
In the United States jack pine ranges from western Maine through 
northern New Hampshire and northern New York, and extends north 
from northwestern Indiana, northeastern Illinois, through most of 
Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. It has also been extensively 
and successfully planted in the sand hills of western Nebraska. Its 
occurrence in commercial stands in the United States is limited to cer- 
tain parts of the Lake States—the Northern Peninsula and the north- 
ern half of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan, the northern half of 
Wisconsin, and the northern halt of Minnesota east of the ninty-sixth 
meridian. In the eastern States it is always a small tree occurring in 
small, widely scattered groups on sandy barrens. 
In Canada jack pine has a much greater range and is of more impor- 
tance commercially than in the United States. It occurs most 
abundantly in northern Ontario and Quebec, and in Manitoba, Sas- 
katchewan, and Alberta. In the region west of Lake Winnipeg it 
reaches a fine development. It is found north of the Saskatchewan 
River asfar west as Fort Assiniboine, and extends north into the valley 
of the Mackenzie River. It is one of the most abundant trees in the 
extensive but largely noncommercial forests which cover northern 
Canada. 
GEOLOGY AND CLIMATE OF THE JACK PINE REGION. 
The soil in which jack pine occurs in southern Canada, New Eng- 
land, New York, and the Lake States is largely of glacial origin, 
deposited and spread out by the waters of the melting ice sheet in 
the last glacial period. To the north, including portions of northern 
Minnesota and throughout most of its range in Canada, the country is 
for the most part a region of crystalline rock (granite, gneisses, and 
schists) severely glaciated and denuded of its mantle of original 
alluvial soils and only partially covered with thin, light soils of recent. 
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1 Botanical range outlined by W. H. Lamb, of the Section of Forest Distribution; commercial range in , 
Canada furnished by R. H. Campbell, Director of the Canadian Forestry Branch; and for the United 
States by the author. 
