8 
On a cutting area in the east side yellow pine, which has been un- 
der observation for 14 years, practically no progress has been made 
in obtaining new reproduction. Studies of reproduction on per- 
manent sample plots in California representative of the important 
types are summarized by Dtinning (7)^ thus: 
One of the most important results of these studies has been to emphasize 
the great importance of advance reproduction. It becomes more and more 
evident that the establishment of reproduction after cutting is a long, tedious 
process, requii-ing as high as 20 years or more on poorer sites to secure even 
a fair stand. In none of the sample plots even on the best sites has more than 
one -third of the seedlings now present been established since cutting, and in 
only two cases are the number and distribution of seedlings sufficient to con- 
stitute complete stocking 10 years after logging. 
This applies to conservative cuttings on national forests. The 
conclusion is ima voidable that, in the main, the preservation of young 
growth throughotit the logging operation, in slash disposal, etc.. is 
the principal means of keeping forest lands prodtictive. This fact 
must influence particularly the methods of logging used and the 
intensity and nature of fire protection measures. 
Advance reproduction is. however, generally more or less patchy or 
scattered, and it is therefore necessary to provide for additional 
young gi'owth after logging. This can be accomplished by reserving 
small trees of merchantable size to serve as seeders and gradually to 
restock cut-over areas not already stifficiently prodtictive. Seed trees 
are also required in case fire after logging shotdd wipe out the 
advance growth. 
Similar conclusions regarding the importance of advance growth 
and seed trees have been reached in other j^ortions of the western 
vellow pine region, notabh' in the Southwest and in eastern Oregon 
\ll,ld). 
PROBLEMS OF THE TIMBER OWNER 
The owner of forest lands in the California pine region who is 
engaged in the business of jDroducing lumber faces the following 
delinite facts: 
(1) Logging must be done at a profit. 
(2) TThether he desires it or not. the landowner is in the cut-over 
land business on an increasingly large scale. 
(3^ Cut-over lands are generally of value primarily for timber 
growing. The demand for cut-over land for grazing, agriculture, 
and recreation is exceedingly local and small. 
(4) The value of cut-over land to the owner (beyond a nominal 
value of bare land) therefore depends on the amount and character 
of young growth and seed trees remaining after logging. This is 
equally true whether the land is held and managed as part of his 
own going operation, or whether it be sold to some one who will 
manage it for timber production. Such purchasers as may exist can 
pick and choose, because of the already large area of cut-over land. 
They will not pay and can not be expected to pay for values (young 
growth and seed trees) which do not exist [2) . 
(5) Existing methods of exploitation do not generally leave cut- 
over lands productive (fig. 2). 
3 Italic Bumbers in parentheses refer to '• Literature cited,"" p. To. 
