24 BULLETIN 1402, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTUEE 
Even if we assume the obviously extreme position that all expendi- 
tures for protection are a net operating charge, a little consideration 
will show that the situation is not altogether hopeless from the 
operator's point of view. Either he is going to hold his lands for 
forest purposes or he is going to sell them to someone else who will 
use them for forest production. If he holds them, he has a start of 
a new crop instead of partly denuded and worthless land. If he sells 
them, the market value of productive lands is inevitably going to be 
higher than that of denuded lands, whether or not that extra value 
is formally recognized by the purchaser. 
METHODS OF LOGGING 
Logging method, like fii'e protection, is a major factor controlling 
the productivity of cut-over lands, for it may and often does injure 
or destroy the advance reproduction and seed trees without which a 
F-I937I7 
Fig. 6.— big WHEELS NEVER ALONE LAY WASTE TO FOREST LAND 
Young growth and seed trees are avoided in logging by the big wheels. Con- 
sequently less of the young forest is destroyed than by any other established 
method of yarding. 
new forest crop is impossible. Careful consideration is therefore 
required of the effect of different yarding methods on the forest, and 
of their comparative efficiency and cost. 
In California two general types of logging are in common use — 
animal and power. The former is represented chiefly by big-wheel 
yarding; the latter by both low and high speed donkeys, using both 
the low and high lead cable systems. 
BIG-WHEEL YARDING 
Big-wheel yarding equipment consists of a pair of 10 to 12 foot 
wheels, ordinarily horse drawn, with either a stiff or slip tongue. 
Logs are slung under the axle by chains (fig. 6). In the slip-tongue 
method the logs automatically drop and act as a brake when the 
wheels begin to run, and this system is used successfully on slopes 
up to 25 per cent. The stiff'-tongue method lacks this feature and 
