TIMBER GROWIXG AXD LOGGIXG PRACTICE IX CALIFORXIA 37 
head. Expressed in percentages, power yarding was from 8 to 15 
per cent more expensive than animal yarding. 
The experience also of Oregon operators leads to the conclusion 
that on animal ground some method of animal yarding is cheaper 
than is steam logging. Further critical study is needed in Cali- 
fornia, but it is at least an open question whether some form of 
animal logging will not prove to be most efficient and at the same 
time least damaging, particularly in most of the east side yellow 
pine type. 
Under average conditions it is generally recognized that wheels 
are the cheaper of the two methods, but under some circumstances 
there is a disinclination to use them, because of the carrying charges 
for horses over winter, the skilled labor required, and the difficulty 
of procuring common labor for swamping. Wheels, too, are not as 
adaptable as donkeys, for the latter can be used on any type of 
ground whereas the former are impossible with slopes of over 20 to 
25 per cent. 
HIGH-LEAD AXD HIGH-SPEED VEKSUS LOW-SPEED, GROUXD-LE-\D YARDING 
At the time of its introduction great claims were made for the 
superiority^ of high lead over ground lead as a method of logging. 
It was anticipated that considerable savings in logging cost would 
be effected by using the new method. But that for the relatively 
light stands in the California pine region the high-lead system has 
not been altogether a success is evident from the action of some of 
the larger operators, at least five of whom, after a thorough try out, 
have abandoned the system and returned to the ground lead, simply 
because high lead was not found to be an effective and economical 
logging method, regardless of its effect on the forest. 
A comparative study of the two methods by Price {12) showed as 
its salient feature that in all the steps of yarding, hooking time, " in " 
time, delays, etc., for most yarding distances up to 1,200 feet, the 
average maximum yarding distance, ground lead had a consistent 
superiority over high lead. Expressed as output per man-hour, 
the comparative results of the two methods are given in Table 3. 
Table 3. — Output per man-hour icitli high and ground lead^ 
Yarding 
distance 
With 
high 
lead 
With 
ground 
lead 
Yarding 
distance 
With 
high 
lead 
With 
ground 
lead 
Yarding 
distance 
With 
high 
lead 
With 
ground 
lead 
Feet 
100 
200 
300 
400 
500 
m.ft. 
720 
930 
950 
780 
560 
Bd.ft. 
9S0 
900 
810 
730 
650 
Feet 
600 
700 
800 
900 
1,000 
Bd.ft. 
440 
390 
350 
320 
310 
Bd.ft. 
580 
520 
470 
420 
380 
1 Feet 
1, 100 
1,200 
Bd.ft. 
300 
300 
Bd.ft. 
340 
300 
Average. 
529 
590 
Ordinary delays included. 
On the average, using the results of this study, the output is 11 
per cent greater for ground lead than for high lead. In this result 
there is not included the cost of rigging the spar tree, nor on the 
other side is there included the supposed longer life of cable on high 
lead. 
