44 BULLETIN- 1402, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTUKE 
Generally speaking, a large number of thrifty trees are available 
for leaving in these types; but, as the tendency is to cut to a low 
diameter in all species, the contrast between national forest and 
private cuttings is even more marked here than in the yellow pine 
type. 
SUGAR PINE-FIR TYPES 
In most cases in the sugar pine-fir type, plenty of seed trees 
(18 inches or over) are left, but of fir rather than sugar pine, for 
the cutting is apt to be selective and to eliminate the more valuable 
species, resulting in the conversion of the type to fir. This is par- 
ticularly unfortunate because it is here that the sugar pine reaches 
its best development. Only the presence of advance reproduction 
of sugar pine will prevent this outcome. In such cases the new 
stand will not differ greatly from the old. 
YELLOW PINE TYPE, WEST SIDE 
In private cruising practice, the yellow pine type of the west 
side includes large areas of what is here treated as the mixed coni- 
fer type. Pure yellow pine, though economically very important 
wherever found, does not cover a high percentage of the total forest 
area of the west slope. Only a few cuttings were found. In these 
the practice, as on the east side, tends toward clear cutting. On one 
interesting area, cut over in 1911 to a diameter limit much below 
seed production size, the small trees left are building up their 
crowns but are not yet a factor in seed production. Such areas 
will in time be restocked, but the low diameter limit of the cutting 
will result in a long regeneration period. 
WHITE FIR-RED FIR AND RED FIR TYPES 
As there is so far little cutting in these types, strips were run on 
only two operations. On one of these the practice is to cut practi- 
cally clear, whereas on the other only the better trees are removed. 
Little is known regarding the silviculture of the fir types. Windfall 
and wind-breakage are likely to prove a larger factor than in the 
types in which the pines are important; but, on the other hand, 
reproduction after cutting will probably be much easier to obtain. 
GENERAL TENDENCIES ON PRIVATE CUTTINGS 
Private cutting practice in the pine regions thus discloses several 
important tendencies, which should be altered if an adequate seed 
supply is to be insured. 
The cutting of yellow and sugar pines on private operations gen- 
erally and in whatever type they may occur is already being car- 
ried to a diameter limit below the seed-bearing size. This has been 
a progressive tendency ever since logging began in the region, and 
in pure pine stands now tends to leave the areas without seed trees 
and at best but partly stocked where reproduction is present and 
survives logging. 
Douglas fir, white fir, and incense cedar are not generally cut to 
as low a limit as the pines, and in the mixed types usually sufficient 
seed trees of these species are left to restock the area. That a few 
