52 BULLETIN 1402, U. S. DEPAKTMENT OF AGEICULTUEE 
crude method of supplying seed trees. The proportionally small 
footage of 1,000 to 1,500 board feet per acre involved represents 
little real investment, and is greatly overweighed by the advan- 
tages to be gained. 
GRAZING ON CUT-OVER LANDS 
Grazing, like fire, is a factor which may work either to the im- 
provement or damage of cut-over lands, but unlike fire it has been 
studied so little in a systematic way that few facts are available. 
In the Southwest Pearson {11) has studied intensively the effect 
of grazing on reproduction, and finds in many cases serious damage 
to the valuable advance reproduction. 
Conditions noted by the examiners on cut-over lands in California 
may be summarized thus : 
(1). Sheep grazing not infrequently results in serious damage 
to small size advance reproduction, by trampling and nipping, 
whereas cattle grazing apparently does little harm. 
(2). Prevention of reproduction on certain cut-over lands abun- 
dantly supplied with seed trees is chargeable to sheep grazing. 
(3). The percentage of the total cut-over area that is adversely 
affected by sheep grazing is unknown. 
(4). Properly controlled grazing hastens breaking up of slash 
left after logging, and is a great aid in chopping up litter and fa- 
cilitating control of fires. 
(5). Many operators, as holdings of cut-over lands pile up, lease 
the grazing privilege at the highest obtainable figure, with the re- 
sult that such lands are badly overgrazed. 
(6). It is probable that, with proper management of stock, graz- 
ing of cut-over lands can be carried on with only minor damage 
to advance reproduction or delay in obtaining new reproduction ; but 
the unrestricted lease system is bad in its effect on forest 
production. 
Wherever the progress of reproduction after logging is found 
to be seriously retarded by grazing, effective remedial measures 
should be applied. 
PROTECTION AGAINST FOREST INSECTS AND TREE DISEASES 
Forest insects, particularly the tree-killing beetles of the genus 
Dendroctonus^ are always present in both the virgin forest and on 
cut-over lands. Normally the loss caused to merchantable timber 
or to seed trees is such a small percentage . of the total stand that 
active control measures are unwarranted. 
At times, however, epidemic attacks develop over large areas, 
and cause really serious losses. Methods for controlling epidemics 
have been worked out by the Bureau of Entomology of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. Because of the mixed owner- 
ship of forest lands by the Federal Government, the State, and many 
individuals and corporations, an organized cooperative effort will 
be required to prevail against widespread epidemics. The machinery 
for such attacks should therefore be perfected, and made a part of 
the general protective system. 
