TIMBER GROWIXG AND LOGGING PRACTICE IX CALIFORNIA 71 
Against this charge, howe^'el^ are certain savings that are easily 
demonstrated. First is the increased quality of the logs obtained 
from national forest land, due to the elimination of the smaller trees 
of lower quality. Data already examined indicate that on private 
land young and small trees, such as would be left by these measures, 
are at present usually logged and manufactured into lumber at a 
loss. 
A comprehensive study by J. K. Berry of national forest and 
private cuttings on the same watershed by the same company, where 
cutting on the private land was to a diameter limit of 14 inches, 
showed that the direct yarding cost per thousand on national forest 
land was $4.92 ; on private land, with a heavier cut per acre, the cost 
was $5.45. His conclusion was that this striking difference was due 
to the cutting of small trees, which were actually logged at a loss. 
It seems fair, therefore, to credit intensive practice with, the fol- 
lowing items per thousand feet cut under usual conditions : 
Increased selling price $0. 50 
Decreased logging cost « . 50 
Total 1. 00 
ESSENTIAL STEPS IN PRODUCING FULL TIMBER CROPS 
The essential steps in producing full timber crops, already dis- 
cussed in detail, may be simimed up as follows: 
(1) Put into effect the fire protection measures, already discussed 
as part of simple timber-growing practices. In addition, slash 
should be piled and burned and snags felled on all cutting areas. 
(2) Protect the reserve trees and advance growth during logging. 
(3) Leave all thrift}^ young timber for future growth, treating 
all species equally. 
(4) Cut weak, diseased, and malformed trees whether merchant- 
able or not. 
(5) Leave an average of three seed trees per acre where the reser- 
vation of thrifty timber does not supply at least this number of seed- 
producing trees. 
THE TOTAL COST OF THE MEASURES 
Summing up the debit and credit items, already discussed in 
detail, the immediate expense of adopting the partial cutting plan is : 
Item 
Debit 
Credit 
Fire protection and slash disposal 
$0.50 to $0.69 
.07 
1.00 
.07 
1 $0. 21 
PrntPf>tion to young growth in logging 
1.55 
Total 
1. 64 to 1. 83 
1.21 
1 From carefully estimated results on one large operation. 
The net increase in cost above current practices does not appear 
to exceed 50 cents per thousand feet cut, a relatively insignificant 
item in the total expense of producing lumber. 
^ Due to elimination of small trees handled at a loss, both as regards log making and 
cost of handling. 
