s.r ee ee 
A STUDY IN HYPERPARASITISM ~ 17 
and in the case of bucculatricis and urbanus individual virgin females, 
as well as individual fertilized females, were found to produce both 
the winged and the wingless males. There appears to be no regu- 
larity in the appearance of either-male form of those species, whether 
or not the parent has mated. 
G. bucculatricis and G. apantelis have been reared in much larger 
numbers than the other species, but all of them have occurred more 
or less abundantly among the hyperparasites obtained from collec- 
tions of Apanteles cocoons, and combined they are certainly of 
major importance in retarding the increase of this primary. 
Fic. 4.—Gelis bucculatricis, winged male 
THYSIOTORUS TRIANGULARIS (CRESSON) (?) 
This species, which has been doubtfully determined as triangularis 
by Cushman, is merely mentioned here among the hyperparasites 
attacking A. melanoscelus. It has been reared from only a very few 
cocoons, and up to this time at least has been of no consequence as an 
enemy of that parasite. 
EPHIALTES (ITOPLECTIS) CONQUISITOR (SAY) 
Two very small male specimens of this species have been reared 
froma cocoons of Apanteles melanoscelus. This parasitism was doubt- 
less purely accidental and is of no importance, but it is mentioned 
here because Jtoplectis conquisitor has not previously been recorded 
as having been reared from any species of Apanteles. It is normally 
primary, “being an important parasite of various Lepidoptera, includ- 
ing such common injurious forms as Malacosoma americana Fab., 
Cacoecia cerasivorana Fitch, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw.., and 
Hemerocampa leucostigma 8S. & A. Not infrequently, however, it has 
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