24 BULLETIN 1487, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
usually two complete generations upon the second-generation Apan- 
teles before the overwintering form appears. The species hibernates 
as a mature larva within the host cocoon. Only one specimen 
matures on one host even though several eggs be deposited. | 
Like McConnell, the writers have found E. saltator to be thelyo- 
tokous in parthenogenetic reproduction. In fact, they have not 
recognized the male of this species among the hyperparasites of 
Apanteles melanoscelus. 
ANASTATUS BIFASCIATUS (FONSCOLOMBE) 
Although essentially a primary parasite of the eggs of the gipsy 
moth, this Anastatus is occasionally reared from cocoons of Apan- 
teles melanoscelus, in which case it is a secondary parasite. The 
injury resulting from this hyperparasitic habit is of no serious conse- 
quence because of the relatively small number of cocoons attacked. 
Only about 25 instances of parasitism of field-collected Apanteles 
cocoons have been noted. ‘It is briefly discussed here only because 
its behavior as a hyperparasite represents another instance of the 
occasional departure of a parasitic insect from its normal habits, as 
regards host selection. 
For an account of the life history and biology of this species as an 
egg parasite the reader is referred to a recent paper by Crossman (4), 
where this subject is discussed in considerable detail. In the study 
of the species as a hyperparasite specimens obtained from Apanteles 
cocoons were found to attack quite freely the eggs of the gipsy moth, 
and individuals reared from gipsy-moth eggs readily attacked Apan- 
teles cocoons. Usually but one Anastatus develops upon an Apan- 
teles larva, and the resulting adult is much larger than specimens 
obtained from gipsy-moth eggs, because of the greater amount of 
food available for the development of the larva. There is normally 
but one generation annually, just as when the species is primary, 
about 11 months of the year being spent as a resting mature larva 
within the host cocoon. However, cocoons that were attacked late 
in April by females that had been caused to emerge prematurely 
by holding parasitized gipsy-moth eggs in a warm room, produced 
adults the same season, the period from egg to adult being from 40 
to 100 days. ; : 
ANASTATUS PEARSALLI ASHMEAD 
Originally described as a parasite of the eggs of Smerinthus, and 
probably normally parasitic on lepidopterous eggs of that type, this 
species has also been reared from Apanteles melanoscelus cocoons, 
and in slightly larger numbers than the preceding species, although 
likewise of little significance as an enemy of that primary parasite. 
The adult closely resembles bofasciatus, and the immature stages 
are practically indistinguishable. 
A cocoon of A. melanoscelus will maintain but a single Anastatus, 
although several eggs are sometimes placed in one cocoon. Cer- 
tain females were found to oviposit very freely, whereas others 
would not attack any of the cocoons presented to them. It appears 
that the ovipositor is always inserted into the Apanteles larva inside 
the cocoon, and that upon its withdrawal the egg is left attached at. 
