32 BULLETIN 1487, U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
SYMPIESIS MASSASOIT CRAWFORD 
Sympiesis massasoit was only very rarely reared from cocoons — 
of this Apanteles, and this parasitism must be considered purely 
accidental. The species of Sympiesis are probably largely primary 
parasites of dipterous leaf miners. 
COLEOPTERA 
CLERIDAE 
HYDNOCERA VERTICALIS SAY 
On several occasions the writers have secured from isolated Apan- 
teles cocoons larvae of this species of the the family Cleridae, kindly 
identified by A. G. Boving, of the Bureau of Entomology. The 
conditions under which these specimens were obtained indicate 
that the coleopterous larva developed as a true hyperparasite either 
upon the larva of Apanteles melanoscelus or on a larva of a secondary 
parasite within the Apanteles cocoon. 
Fig. 10.—Pleurotropis nawaii, female 
SUMMARY 
Hyperparasitism is of very general occurrence Practically all 
species of primary parasites are subject to attack, although the extent 
to which a given species may be parasitized depends to some extent 
upon its particular habits and biology. Secondary parasites often 
ereatly retard the increase of valuable primary parasites and may 
seriously interfere with the successful establishment of the latter 
In a new country. 
The vast majority of hyperparasites are Hymenoptera. They 
belong principally to the Chalcidoidea and the Ichneumonoidea. 
Very few Diptera and Coleoptera are known to act as secondary 
parasites. 
As regards host selection, hyperparasites are in general much 
less discriminative than primary parasites. This is obviously a 
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