30 BULLETIN 1001, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
the only available range that may be used as winter range is really 
yearlong range and cattlemen establish themselves thereon and 
use it that way, or if cattlemen permanently occupy the yearlong 
range that nearly always lies between the summer and winter range, 
what becomes of the summer feed which cattle can not go after? 
The condition may be reversed. Cattlemen sometimes take their 
stock up into the mountain forests in the summer and bring them 
down onto the open, nearby plains in the winter — a common practice 
in parts of Arizona. Suppose that bands of sheep have grazed 
over these plains (which are yearlong range) during the summer, 
and have eaten all the feed. What can the cattlemen do ? And 
again, what becomes of the summer feed in. the mountains if the 
cattle must stay on the plains all the time to maintain possession? 
The answer to the question rests in no way upon the kind of 
business that may be established in the region. Each has its ad- 
vantages and its limitations. It is just as necessary that we produce 
mutton and- wool as that we should have beef and leather. In 
many places either business can be maintained and in places where 
the control of the range has been established long enough for the 
producers to try out various policies, as in California and Texas, 
many have found it profitable to run both kinds of stock on the same 
range [12]. 
The influence of unprogressive men. — A man who is lazy, or a bad 
manager, obstinate or quarrelsome, or merely lacks the capital for 
necessary improvements, is a continual source of irritation to his 
neighbors on an open range. He either can not or will not do the 
right thing for the group to which he belongs. He does not develop 
water where he should for his own stock, consequently they get 
more water from his neighbors' watering nlaces than their stock 
get from his. He may be sincere in his belief that salting is not 
necessary and his neighbors must buy all the salt. He is too impe- 
cunious or '"conservative" to buy good bulls, hence others are 
paying for the building up of the grade of his herd and he is doing 
all he can to keep the breed level down. 
•There is no way to get along with such a man except to put him 
where he and his business must surfer the consequences of such short- 
sightedness; i. e., on an inclosed range of his own. On an open range, 
such a man very nearly standardizes the grade of business that may 
be done by everybody, since his neighbors must carry him if they 
standardize above him.. He profits at their expense because of his 
backwardness or stupidity. 
Low rate of increase. — On a stock range the only source of income 
is the salable animals, the number of which is dependent upon the 
size of the breeding herd and the percentage of increase obtained. 
