TENURE AND USE OF ARID GRAZING LANDS. 63 
of collective enterprise, for the benefit of communities or of individ- 
uals forming them. During this stage great internal developments 
took place and new cities and new States were erected. This was 
also the stage during which great monopolies, largely based on control 
of natural resources, etc., began to develop, with the characteristics 
of the first stage still more or less dominant. The third stage upon 
which we are now entered is one in which enterprise is largely collec- 
tive and cooperative and should be directed toward the larger benefit 
of communities and the people generally, however difficult it is to 
realize this fully with our past inheritance. Larger social interests, 
however, are being gradually realized. Conservation is the resound- 
ing note. A difficulty is that under this new ideal, which must be 
pronounced essentially democratic in spirit, there are still persisting 
those individualistic elements so strongly encouraged during past 
decades of national development. Furthermore, the frontier, in 
some senses, still exists, and Western States and Territories, including 
Alaska with its remarkable resources, still offer tremendous incentive 
for the expression of the same characteristics observed in the past." 19 
In no place has this conflict of individual with group interest been 
shown more strongly than in the national forests and on the open 
ranges of the West, where pioneer conditions have obtained and the 
weight of the struggle to utilize natural resources and organize a 
productive business has fallen upon the individual. At the same time 
the general Government, with the sanction of the great majority of 
the people, has insisted that this development be of such a character 
as to protect the interests of society instead of that kind- of develop- 
ment which will bring the greatest financial benefit to individuals. 
In the national forests, development has now progressed to a stage 
where even the most strenuous individualists are beginning to 
recognize that the present form of management is in many ways 
superior to that which they wished to perpetuate. The extension of 
the national forest plan is here proposed for the grazing ranges, 
and public opinion, so far as it is definitely formed, is in favor of this 
plan. The two outstanding results of the application of this system 
of control are that, while production is in no way reduced, the 
distribution of the benefits to be gained is more equable and most of 
the waste is avoided. 
APPENDICES. 
METHOD OF ALIENATING LANDS. 
Following are some tables which show in condensed form the statutory provisions 
relating (1) to the disposal of lands in the Western States, (2) to the Atlantic & Pacific 
Railroad land grant, (3) to lieu land selections, and (4) to Indian allotments. 
This summary will assist in understanding the details upon which the existing condi- 
tions rest. 
w Hill, Robert Tudor, "The Public Domain and Democracy," p. 217. 
