RESISTANCE OF HARDWOODS TO CREOSOTE. 7 
Three pieces of heartwood were selected from each species for the 
penetrance tests. Similarly, three specimens of sapwood were used 
of those species from which sapwood was available. The pieces 
were approximately 2J inches by 1J inches by 48 inches. Each 
specimen was surfaced on 1 sides, and a hole f of an inch deep bored 
in the center of a 2-J inch by 48 inch face. All specimens were first 
thoroughly air-seasoned, and then dried for 48 hours at a tempera- 
ture of 150° F. before treatment. The oven-dry weight and moisture 
content were determined at the time of treatment. 
Specimens used in the impregnation tests were cut approximately 
2J inches by 1J inches by 24 inches. Seven selected specimens of 
heartwood from each species were treated. The same number of 
sapwood pieces- of the species from which sapwood could be obtained 
were also treated. 
The following species were tested: 
Common name. 
Botanical name. 
Ash, green 
Ash, white 
Aspen, largetooth . . 
Basswood.. 
Beech * 
Birch, river (red). . 
Birch, sweet 
Birch, yellow 
Cherry, wild red . . . 
Chestnut 
Elm, cork or rock. . 
Elm, slippery 
Elm, white.! . 
Gum, red 
Gum, tupelo 
Hackberry 
Hickory, mockernut 
Maple, silver , 
Maple, sugar 
Oak, bur 
Oak, chestnut. 
Oak, red 
Oak, white 
Svcamore , 
Willow, black 
Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh... 
Fraxinus amehcana L 
Popv.lus grandidentata Michx 
Tilia americana L , 
Fagus atropunicea(Maish.) Lud 
Betula nigra L 
Betula lenta L 
Betula lutea Michx. f 
Primus pennsylvanica L 
Castanea dentata(Marsh.. )Borkh 
Ulmus racemosa Thomas. . . . 
Ulmus pubescens Walt 
Ulmus americana L 
Liquidambar styraciflua L 
Nyssa, sp 
Celtis occidentalis L 
Hicoria alba (L.) Britt 
Acer saccharium L 
Acer saccharum Marsh 
Quercus macrocarpa Michx . . . 
Quercus prinus L 
Quercus rubra L 
Quercus, alba L 
Platanus occidentalis L 
Salix n igra Marsh , 
Locality from which 
obtained. 
Missouri. 
New York. 
Wisconsin. 
Do. 
Pennsvlvania. 
( 2 ) 
Pennsvlvania. 
Do. 
Tennessee. 
Do. 
Pennsylvania. 
Wisconsin. 
Pennsylvania. 
Missouri. 
Louisiana. 
Wisconsin. 
( 2 ) 
Wisconsin. 
Pennsylvania. 
Wisconsin. 
Tennessee. 
Pennsylvania. 
Arkansas. 
Tennessee. 
Wisconsin. 
1 Red and white heart beech are botanically the same species. 
2 Obtained by purchase in the market. Locality of growth not known. 
METHOD OF APPLYING THE CREOSOTE. 
PENETRANCE TESTS. 
In the penetrance tests a pressure of 120 pounds per square inch 
and a temperature of from 175° to 180° F. were employed. Head- 
ings of temperature and pressure were made every 15 minutes, and 
