KATYDIDS INJURIOUS TO ORANGES IN CALIFORNIA. 11 
the middorsal line from between the eyes to a point between the 
posterior wing-pads. The insect hangs helplessly, head downward? 
suspended by the posterior claws, and gradually works its way out of 
the dead skin. The head, thorax, fore-legs, intermediate legs, wing% 
abdomen, and hind legs are freed from the exuvium in the order 
named. During the entire process the antennae are held lightly be- 
tween the maxillary palpi and pulled and guided carefully from their 
position along the ventral surface of the body. 
ENEMIES OP THE NYMPH. 
A common gray jumping spider, determined by Mr. Nathan Banks^ 
of the Bureau of Entomology, as Thiodina puerperis Htz., has been 
observed to capture the small nymphs of the first instar. This active^ 
solitary spider is quite numerous on orange trees in the San Joaquin 
Valley, and feeds upon insects of several orders, injurious and bene- 
ficial alike. The very young spiders capture insects as minute m 
the citrus thrips. 
In 1911 a small chipping sparrow was noted in some abundance 
among trees of various katydid-infested orchards, and was apparently 
very busily capturing katydids. Birds are undoubtedly the most 
important enemies of the katydid in this section. 
The Adult, 
general appearance. 
The adults (PI. Ill, fig. 2) are dark green, their color blending 
almost perfectly with that of the orange leaves. They habitually 
seek the shady interior of the tree during the heat of the day, thus 
adding to the difficulty of discovery, even when fairly abundant. 
Their length is about l\ inches from vertex to tip of wings. Whem 
they are at rest, the wings, which are narrow and rounded at the tips 
are closely folded along the sides of the body. In flight the stiff, out- 
stretched wings and the habit of sailing for considerable distances 
with scarcely any wing movement give them a fancied resemblance 
to a monoplane. 
EMERGENCE AND MATING. 
As a rule most of the nymphs transform to the adult stage early ill 
the summer, though the exact time of beginning emergence varies 
more or less in different years. In 1912 adults were fairly numerous 
by June 15 and practically all of the insects were in the adult stag© 
by July 5. In 1911 the period of emergence was slightly later than, 
in 1912, and nymphs were found in the field until about July 17. 
Mating usually takes place about 20 days after emergence, the 
time elapsing between the last molt and the first copulation varying 
from 14 to 40 days. Females which have recently mated can usually^ 
