eee ee 7 ee Eeeeeeererereeee _ — — — 
SETTLEMENT AND COLONIZATION IN GREAT LAKES STATES 69 
furnishing no aid were clearly in that class; and only four of the 
other eight were practicing what may be called intensive colonization 
methods. The table shows clearly that the settlers on projects re- 
ceiving little or no aid made larger net gains and cleared more land 
than the settlers on projects receiving aid. When the classification 
is further defined, in the second part of the table, the difference is 
even more pronounced. But the 120 receiving no aid had nearly 
$1,800 at the start, and a much larger percentage of them had come 
directly from farming. In fact, there was more difference between 
them than is indicated by these special circumstances, which may 
mean that the less paternalistic companies were attracting settlers 
with more initiative and energy. 
TABLE 29.—Comparison of rates of, progress on colonization projects classified 
according to whether little or much aid was given to settlers 
iver 4 
projects | projects 
no aid | intensive 
7 
projects | projects 
Bere ar (Projects (Projects | methods 
Characteristics of the various groups of projects i 
(Projects! VIIIto | 1:11, | (Projects 
Ito VU)| XV) YD , XE XID 
Number of settlers represented_..__.--__-------.--------------- 211 120 226 
Heeb R SNE EnV ORCI. Det ook eS a es $1, 541 $1, 792 $906 
DIZOL MM UEGHASE (ACES eee ne eae ees ee 2 82 95 66 
Percentage foreign born______._.____--- SEE Soe ks mats Se WON an a 65 48 37 
Percentage farming as last previous occupation_____-__-_________ 31 50 27 
PEG Ox Ole UO mint et eee ete a ee eg ee es 110 136 96 
Hidexsoflandsclaaring! sas. shes yoked Se as kT 106 120 106 
1 100=average net gain of all settlers in the same year of settlement. 
2 100=average land cleared by all settlers in the same year of settlement. 
It should be recognized that this analysis does not present the 
whole case. Settlers visited were those who had managed to stick to 
their holdings thus far. No records were obtained from those who 
had moved away. It was impossible to obtain authentic data as to 
the number who had left the various projects. What evidence was 
obtained indicated that the companies giving aid to settlers were 
keeping a larger proportion than those which were not giving much 
aid. The former class of companies were accomplishing this in various 
ways, such as by finding work for settlers, by lending a little money to 
tide them over until work could be found, and by extending the period 
of payments and giving the settlers an opportunity to return to the city 
for a while. When a settler had made up his mind finally to quit, 
they had usually found some one to take his place immediately, and 
had thus preserved the continuity of the project. 
The effect of such a program had been no doubt to keep in the col- 
ony a good many settlers who would have been starved out on the 
projects giving no aid, thus probably lowering the average accom- 
plishment for the group. 
Indices of net gain were constructed by adding to net gain from 
other sources an allowance of $50 per acre for each acre cleared, $20 
for each acre brushed, and $15 for each acre of marsh cleared. The 
index on this basis for the five projects with no aid was 136; for the 
four projects using intensive methods, 96. 
