72 BULLETIN 1295, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
supplies were included in the mortgages that were to be exchanged for con- 
tracts as soon as the settler had made a certain amount of progress. Fifteen 
of the 30 settlers had already obtained mortgages. 
The record made by these settlers is exactly what one would expect from 
the fact that the policy of the company stressed labor in the lumbering enter- 
prises, with farm development only as secondary. Although the settlers had 
been on their holdings an average of 2.64 years, they had cleared only 5.5 
acres per farm and brushed an additional 4.2 acres per farm, which is far- 
below the average. However, they had increased their inventory in buildings 
$716. They had done very little with crops or livestock, the third and fourth 
year settlers averaging less than two cows per farm. The receipts from labor 
off the farm in 1919-1920 averaged $500 for the first and second year settlers, 
and $625 for the three to five-year settlers. Their other receipts averaged 
$150 per farm. Hence these settlers had fared well so far as living was con- 
cerned even if they had made one of the lowest records in net gain and clear- 
ing. The policy of the company as to mortgages had made it possible for the 
settlers to build, but it had also increased their debt nearly $200 since purchase. 
IX. Project IX belongs in the intensive colonization class. The 97 settlers 
covered in the survey paid down 35.3 per cent of their net worth on their 
purchase, but this purchase included a house in most cases and frequently a 
barn and a small amount of livestock and equipment. The settlers estimated 
the value of these advances at $392 per farm, and their first payments on 
contracts averaged $383. The settlers visited were mostly of the city type, 
but 24.7 had come directly from farms and an additional 34 per cent had been 
born on farms. Of the remainder, about two-thirds had some farm experi- 
ence. Fifty-six per cent of the 97 were foreign born, mostly Poles. Their 
beginning net worth was $1,086. 
The average settlement period of these 97 settlers was only 1.23 years; 
72 were in their first and second years at the time of the survey. In the 
period of 1.23 years, the 97 had cleared an average of 2.9 acres of high land 
and 2.7 acres of marsh and had brushed an additional 8 acres. Thus, it was 
the policy of this firm to stress brushing and marsh clearing at the first stages 
of settlement. This is a good clearing record, but slightly under the average 
set by all the settlers who were in their second year at the time of the survey. 
Since the buildings had usually been erected before the settlers arrived, they 
had increased the value of their buildings only $140 during the 1.23 years. 
But they had increased their livestock and equipment $256. These two in- 
creases in inventory, less a decrease of $340 in cash on hand and a $47 increase 
in debt, plus their increase in value of land due to clearing and brushing, 
constitute their net gain, amounting to about $375 per year. This again was 
slightly under the average for all settlers on the various projects who were | 
in their second year at the time of the survey. 
An analysis of receipts shows that the 31 settlers in their first years had 
earned an average of $119 each at labor off the farms, that the 41 in the second 
year had earned an average of $468 in this way, and that the 20 in the third 
year had earned an average of $396. The settlers in their third year were milk- 
ing an average of only 1.3 cows. Thus the settlers were working out a good 
deal instead of clearing their land. Having their buildings erected in advance 
gave them a better chance to work out. These 97 Settlers had retained, after 
1.23 years, an average-of $216 of their original supply of $551 of cash on hand, 
which is an unusual record, speaking eloquently of their thrift. 
X. Project X was also an intensive colonization project employing a policy 
of liberal advances. The 58 settlers covered in the survey paid only $410 down 
on their contracts but had had an average of $507 advanced to them in build- 
ings, livestock, equipment, supplies, horse labor, ete. Their beginning net 
worth was $1,111, and they paid 37 per cent of this down on their land. They 
had $527 of cash on hand after settlement. Nearly a third of the 58 settlers 
came directly from farms and only 30 per cent were foreign born. A large 
percentage were city people with some farm experience. 
The average time since settlement for these 58 settlers was only 0.61 of a 
year at the time of the survey. It is therefore difficult to compare their record 
with that of any other colony. They were clearing land faster than the settlers 
on Project [IX or Project XI, which are more nearly comparable as to time since 
settlement. In this short period, the settlers on Project X had cleared an 
average of 3.0 acres of high land and 2.6 acres of marsh, and had brushed an 
additional 4.8 acres. However, their land was relatively easy to clear. They 
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