SETTLEMENT AND COLONIZATION IN GREAT LAKES STATES 73 
had increased their inventory in buildings, livestock, and equipment $408, at 
the expense of a $343 decrease in cash on hand. 
The average receipts of these settlers from labor off the farm were only $72 
the first year and $190 the Second year and their receipts from all other sources 
the second year were only $145. This reflects the fact that many of these set- 
tlers were in dire need of outside work at the time of the survey. 
XI. The 21 settlers of Project XI covered in this survey had been on their 
holdings for an average of only 0.383 of a year. Hence, their progress record is 
not very significant. The project was of the intensive type. The settlers were 
advanced $258 worth of buildings and other equipment at time of settlement 
and additional building materials later. The company had changed from the 
plan of erecting buildings in advance to advancing building materials. That the 
settlers had taken advantage of this is evidenced by their increase after settle- 
ment of $500 in building inventory, and of $216 in livestock inventory. They 
had also cleared nearly an acre of land each, and had brushed nearly 5 acres 
in addition. But they had increased their debt by $600, and reduced their stock 
of cash on hand by $410. As far as figures can show, these 21 settlers had made 
no net gain up to time of survey. 
The promoter of this project expected to make it one of a long series of 
colonization projects. His plan involved a powerful selling campaign, backed up 
by a large supply of advertising literature and an elaborate service and super- 
vision department. The settlers he was obtaining in 1919 and 1920 were below 
the average in beginning net worth, farm experience, and stability. Nearly a 
fourth of those visited had no farm experience. On the whole they were not 
well pleased with their outlook at time of survey. The land being sold was 
decidedly mixed in quality, badly scattered, and difficult to reach. 
XII. The unique feature of Project XII was the advancing of buildings 
costing nearly $2,000 per farm. However sold, the terms were impossible to 
meet. A powerful selling campaign in the summer of 1919, involving round- 
trip tickets, and fishing on the side, had been employed to attract settlers. In 
spite of their inability to meet the terms of their contracts, the 12 settlers 
covered in the survey had made good progress. In an average period of 1.05 
years they had cleared 8 acres of high land per farm, and brushed an addi- 
tional 9 acres although this was partly owing to the fact that the land was 
relatively easy to clear. They had increased their livestock inventory $450 
and the settlers in their second year had obtained $380 of receipts from actual 
farming operations. Nearly all of these settlers had considerable farm ex- 
perience, mostly as actual operators, and their average beginning net worth 
was $2,086. 
XIII. The 53 settlers covered in the survey of Project XIII received an 
average of $258 of advances at the time of settlement, together with some 
brushing around the buildings. In addition, the company had advanced an 
average of $265 per year to settlers for purchase of supplies, equipment, live- 
stock and the like, and in the form of horse and machine labor. The 17 third- 
year settlers covered in the survey had received an average of $726 each in 
advances, in addition to the initial advance of buildings. 
During a period of 2.1 years, these settlers had cleared an average of 9.4 
acres of high land per farm, and 0.8 of an acre of marshland, and had brushed 
8.1 acres per farm in addition. This record is considerably above the average 
set by the other settlers in the survey in the same year of settlement. This 
ig accounted for by the horse labor and machine labor advanced by the com- 
pany, and by the fact that the other advances made by the company rendered 
it less necessary for the settlers to work outside. This company stressed 
clearing at the start rather than brushing. 
Settlers had increased their building inventory $395, their livestock inven- 
tory 418, and their equipment inventory $90. Their stock of cash on hand 
they could not seriously deplete, for they had only $101 at the start. Although 
their debts increased $874, they had made a net gain of $475 in 2.1 years, 
which is a remarkable record for a group of settlers averaging 36.6 years of 
age at time of settlement and worth only $292, 40 per cent of whom had lived 
on a farm only in their boyhood. 
The land company took $74 of the $292 as initial payment and advanced the 
settlers an additional $226 the first year, but even at that the settlers had 
to work out the first year. Their average receipts from labor off the farm 
the first year were $276, the second year $354, and the third year $377. But 
by the third year their receipts from actual farming operations averaged $312 
