eee eee eee — = eS — — 
SETTLEMENT AND COLONIZATION IN GREAT LAKES STATES 91 
does not look after its settlers, however, but simply sells off a block 
of land piecemeal to the first comers can scarcely be said to be colon- 
izing. 
iF these four tests are applied to the 15 projects studied, all of 
them conform to the first, 11 of them to the second, and probably 
8 to the third and 5 to the fourth. In some cases, however, the 
tracts were badly split up, in one case being spread over a large 
county. The aid and supervision given by 4 of the 11 companies 
were not of much importance; and for at least 2 of the 5 companies 
the planning of development and road building was mostly a mat-_ 
ter of talk. The selecting of settlers by nationalities in most cases 
took the form of grouping of settlers of similar nationality in one 
part of the tract. A more significant classification of these 15 com- 
panies for the purpose of this study is the following: 
(1) Seven of the number were selling land under ordinary 5 or 
10 year contracts and giving no aid to settlers in the form of ad- 
vances or credit. 
(2) Six were making advances to settlers in such forms as build- 
ings and livestock, four of them in combination with easy terms of 
payment. 
(3) One was making advances part of the time, the settler having 
an option in the matter. 
(4) One had made no advances, but provided liberal credit in- 
stead. : 
The following is a brief description of each of the 15 projects. 
These projects will be known throughout the remainder of the bul- 
letin by the numbers which are here attached to them: 
I. A land company selling land acquired mostly from small holders, to 
Finnish settlers on regular land contracts running mostly for 5 or 10 years. 
Many of these Finnish settlers had farmed elsewhere in the Lakes States 
before coming here. The land is an unusually good quality of outwash plain 
with heavy second-growth timber upon it. No improvements were furnished 
and no credit advanced. 
II. Similar to project I, except that the land was acquired wholesale out 
of railway grants and lies in alternate sections and except that one group of 
the settlers was originally composed of Belgians, an effort having been made 
to colonize them directly from Europe. Part of the land is very hilly, but 
the hills are of clay till. The contracts were the regular 5 and 10 year types. 
III. A lumber company selling its land through a land department as soon 
as the timbér was removed. The settlers were predominantly of the farmer 
type and had considerably more than average means. The program was a 
mild one, but the land is of unusually good quality and was selling readily. 
The contracts were partly of the regular sort, usually running for 8 years, 
and partly 13-year contracts with a 5-year exemption from payments on the 
principal. This company did not approve of paternalistic methods, and gave 
no aid and little if any supervision to settlers. 
TV. Another long-established colony largely consisting of foreigners. No 
advances were made and no credit aid was provided. Later, many of these 
contracts were converted into 30-year amortization mortgages. The land is 
generally of good quality, but part of it is hilly and stony. 
Vv. A lumber company with a land department which started out on a plan 
to advance improvements and livestock to settlers and to give general super- 
vision and aid, but abandoned it almost at the outset. At the time of the 
survey the company was selling land under regular contracts, usually running 
for 5 or 10 years, with rather small initial payments. The original plan was 
to make it an all-Scandinavian colony, but this was soon abandoned. Part 
of the land is unusually good. 
VI. A large land company selling land acquired partly from lumber com- 
panies and partly from small holders, mostly to native-born farmers or city 
